Короче, я понял. Стандарт языка С++ ссылается на стандарт языка C: говорится, что контент climits точно такой же, как limits.h

В свою очередь, стандарт C содержит следующие предписания:

implementation-defined values shall be equal or greater in magnitude (absolute value) to those shown, with the same sign.

number of bits for smallest object that is not a bit-field (byte)
CHAR_BIT 8

minimum value for an object of type signed char
SCHAR_MIN -127 // -(2^7-1)

maximum value for an object of type signed char
SCHAR_MAX +127 // 2^7-1

maximum value for an object of type unsigned char
UCHAR_MAX 255 // 2^8-1

minimum value for an object of type char
CHAR_MIN see below

maximum value for an object of type char
CHAR_MAX see below

If the value of an object of type char is treated as a signed integer when used in an expression, the value of CHAR_MIN shall be the same as that of SCHAR_MIN and the value of CHAR_MAX shall be the same as that of SCHAR_MAX.

Otherwise, the value of CHAR_MIN shall be 0 and the value of CHAR_MAX shall be the same as that of UCHAR_MAX.

The value UCHAR_MAX shall equal 2^CHAR_BIT-1.

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