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Friday, September 26th, 2014

    Time Event
    12:00a
    Underwater robot for port security

    Last week, at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, MIT researchers unveiled an oval-shaped submersible robot, a little smaller than a football, with a flattened panel on one side that it can slide along an underwater surface to perform ultrasound scans.

    Originally designed to look for cracks in nuclear reactors’ water tanks, the robot could also inspect ships for the false hulls and propeller shafts that smugglers frequently use to hide contraband. Because of its small size and unique propulsion mechanism — which leaves no visible wake — the robots could, in theory, be concealed in clumps of algae or other camouflage. Fleets of them could swarm over ships at port without alerting smugglers and giving them the chance to jettison their cargo.

    “It’s very expensive for port security to use traditional robots for every small boat coming into the port,” says Sampriti Bhattacharyya, a graduate student in mechanical engineering, who designed the robot together with her advisor, Ford Professor of Engineering Harry Asada. “If this is cheap enough — if I can get this out for $600, say — why not just have 20 of them doing collaborative inspection? And if it breaks, it’s not a big deal. It’s very easy to make.”

    Indeed, Bhattacharyya built the main structural components of the robot using a 3-D printer in Asada’s lab. Half of the robot — the half with the flattened panel — is waterproof and houses the electronics. The other half is permeable and houses the propulsion system, which consists of six pumps that expel water through rubber tubes.

    Two of those tubes vent on the side of the robot opposite the flattened panel, so they can keep it pressed against whatever surface the robot is inspecting. The other four tubes vent in pairs at opposite ends of the robot’s long axis and control its locomotion.

    Courting instability

    As Bhattacharyya explains, the elliptical shape of the robot is inherently unstable — by design. “It’s very similar to fighter jets, which are made unstable so that you can maneuver them easily,” she says. “If I turn on the two jets [at one end], it won’t go straight. It will just turn.”

    That tendency to turn is an asset when the robot is trying to execute tight maneuvers, but it’s a liability when it’s traveling in a straight line scanning the hull of a ship. So all the tubes exit the robot at different angles, which Bhattacharyya calculated to provide the greatest degree of control over the robot’s instabilities.

    In the robot’s watertight chamber are its control circuitry, its battery, a communications antenna, and an inertial measurement unit, which consists of three accelerometers and three gyroscopes that can gauge the robot’s motion in any direction. The control algorithm constantly adjusts the velocity of the water pumped through each of the six jets to keep the robot on course.

    In their initial experiments, the researchers were just testing the robot’s ability to navigate to an underwater surface and stay in contact with it while traveling in a straight line, so the prototype is not yet equipped with an ultrasound sensor.

    The rechargeable lithium batteries used in the prototype, Bhattacharyya says, last about 40 minutes. Since the robot can travel between half a meter and a meter per second while pressed against a surface, that should give it ample time to inspect multiple small craft before being recharged. The researchers envision that teams of the robots could be kept in rotation, some returning to port to recharge just as others are going back on duty.

    Their next prototype, Bhattacharyya says, will feature wirelessly rechargeable batteries. And modifications to the propulsion system, she says, should increase the robot’s operation time on a single charge to 100 minutes.

    Keep your distance

    Bhattacharyya notes that while she and Asada have demonstrated the robot’s ability to travel along a smooth surface, the hulls of many ships will have encrustations that might prevent continuous contact. Ultrasound, however, works only when the emitter is in direct contact with the object to be scanned — or when its distance is a specific multiple of the wavelength of sound.

    Maintaining that precise distance is a tall order, but in ongoing work, Bhattacharyya and Asada are exploring mechanical systems that would create hydrodynamic buffers of just the right depth to enable the robot to perform ultrasound scans without surface contact.

    Nathan Betcher, a special-tactics officer in the U.S. Air Force, has followed Bhattacharyya and Asada’s work closely. “I have a great deal of interest in seeing if this type of technology can have a substantive impact on a number of missions or roles which I might be charged with in the future,” he says. “I am particularly interested to see if this type of technology could find use in domestic maritime operations ranging from the detection of smuggled nuclear, biological, or chemical agents to drug interdiction, discovery of stress fractures in submerged structures and hulls, or even faster processing and routing of maritime traffic.”

    The MIT research was funded by the National Science Foundation.

    12:00a
    Make colorful friends instantly!

    Visitors to MIT earlier this month may have spotted what looked like a slow — and highly participatory — art heist: Over the course of three days, from Sept. 10 to 12, 593 students entered the List Visual Arts Center and left with pieces of its collection.

    This year marks the 45th anniversary of MIT’s Student Loan Art Program: After viewing the collection, choosing their favorites, and participating in a lottery, lucky graduate students and undergrads are given the opportunity to bring home one of the List’s works of art. They may then spend the year taking catnaps beneath it, eating ramen noodles alongside it, and asking it for help with p-sets — in other words, generally getting to know “their” artwork.

    The Student Loan Art Collection draws from four smaller collections. The oldest, the Catherine N. Stratton Collection of Graphic Arts, was established in 1966 by Catherine “Kay” Stratton, the wife of then-President Julius A. Stratton.

    Kay Stratton — who died this month at age 100, and who also helped to establish the Council for the Arts at MIT — spent her childhood on a farm in Virginia, getting an education she has described as “spotty.”

    “I learned about art the hard way: going to galleries, talking to artists, and studying art in a very informal way,” Stratton said in 2011. “But it turned out to be, I think, one of the ways one can learn about art.”

    Building (beautiful) bridges

    Stratton sought to make things easier for MIT students — and, in the process, to enrich the world that they would help build: “It has always seemed to me that you could be an excellent engineer … but if you wanted to be beautiful, if you wanted to build a beautiful bridge, you had to have a background in the arts,” she said.

    Students took this advice to heart, and began borrowing art from Stratton’s collection in 1969. The addition of the Albert and Vera List Student Loan Collection in 1977 prompted the first of the now-annual September gallery shows: A 1978 article in The Tech, MIT’s student newspaper, said that the loan program boasted “a full range of styles and mediums used by contemporary and modern artists … [including] abstract expressionist, minimal, color-field, pop, op-art, and figurative.”

    Another influx of loaner art came in 1985, from photography enthusiast Ronald A. Kurtz ’55, ’59, SM ’60, whose collection at the List is now over 500 pieces strong; 40 of his donations are active in the student loan program. Recently, Cynthia F. and Michael W. Weisfield ’66 have donated many works to the program.

    Steady growth

    Mark Linga, the List’s public relations, marketing, and social media coordinator, says the Student Loan Art Program grows by 15 to 20 artworks every year, thanks to “the expertise of List staff and the generous support of the Friends of Boston Art and other patrons.”

    The art is eclectic: Students who visit the List each September to examine the available artwork might find a 19th-century exhibition poster nestled next to a 21st-century movie still, or a fuzzy Richard Artschwager question mark alongside a bright Fred Tomaselli collage. Doc Edgerton’s strobe-light photographs might appeal to physicists, while red-and-blue Louise Bourgeois spiders, dancing on a sheet of staff paper, might go to a fleet-fingered musician.

    Would-be art-borrowers with notepads and golf pencils examine piece after piece, or scan quickly and then home in on whatever grabs them. After the weeklong exhibition closes, the List holds a lottery. Students matched with one of their choices are informed via email.

    In this year’s lottery, Desi Gonzalez, a graduate student in comparative media studies, received her first choice, after trying for it last year and coming up short. She can’t wait to begin her relationship with Frances Stark’s “Untitled.”

    “Looking at a work over time changes how you see,” she explained in a blog post. “Having a work hanging on your wall for nine months — it allows you to experience art in a way you never could within a museum.”

    Those who don’t win the initial lottery may still be selected as alternates, with first pick from among the leftovers. On his second go-round, Michael Greshko, a student in the Graduate Program in Science Writing, paired off with “Untitled,” an etching by the 20th-century Polish artist Krystyna Smiechowska. “I just kept coming back to it,” Greshko says. “It has a mystery about it that makes it endlessly viewable.”

    Graduate student Anika Gupta went with a 1926 portrait of social activist Dorothy Whitney by renowned black-and-white photographer Berenice Abbott: “What I liked about my piece was the mischievous expression in Whitney’s eyes, the joy and freedom in her being. … I felt like I was looking at a person whom I would want to get to know.”

    Inspiration for the Institute

    By the exhibition’s final day, everything must go: Students who lined up early enough in the List’s lobby were guaranteed to come away with something. Freshman Mary Clare Beytagh left carrying carrying Fia Backström’s “Studies in Leadership: The Golden Voice” — a 2009 artwork nearly as tall as Beytagh.

    “I’d actually been waiting for art since I got [to MIT],” she told me. “There’s a big blank space above my bed, and I’ve wanted to put something there.”

    Beytagh was drawn to the Backström silkscreen’s colors, and its stylized, “Picasso-esque” face. “It’s kind of inspirational, too. … It should help me with presentation skills in my [Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences] classes.”

    10:29a
    Letter to the community on "All Doors Open" event

    The following email was sent today to the MIT community.

    To the members of the MIT community,

    Over the last six months, our community has experienced many painful losses, at the undergraduate, graduate and faculty levels.

    As we have tried to come to terms with these losses personally, we have had many private conversations. Many of you have probably done the same. But we think it would be helpful now if all of us could take the time together to pause, reflect and connect with one another.

    MIT is a big, busy, distributed place, and there is no hall that will hold all 23,000 of us. So we invite you to participate in something that we have never tried before. We are calling it All Doors Open:

    Monday at noon, we ask that everyone at MIT stop what they are doing and take 15 minutes or so to remember those we have lost, reflect on how their deaths have affected us and think broadly about how we as a community should respond.

    We urge you to open your doors, literally. Gather together — or get up, walk around and engage the people nearby, those you know already and those you don't. If you prefer, we hope you will take the time for focused private reflection.

    So that we can capture the wisdom, ideas and energy of the whole community, we also encourage you to share your insights at the following address: we-are@mit.edu. Chancellor Barnhart and Faculty Chair Steven Hall will review the comments and share with the community what they learn.

    We understand that in some cases, instructors may not be able to allow their classes to participate, because of previously scheduled quizzes or other major assignments which should be held as scheduled on the syllabus. If so, please consider taking some time out of a later class to talk to your students, or to share some time with students after class.

    This pause for shared reflection is merely a beginning, and it is not meant to serve as a memorial for the individuals we have lost; however, we think this observance on Monday can be a source of some comfort and hope. And we believe it is an important place to start a significant, long-term conversation for our community.

    We look forward to participating with you this Monday at noon.

    Sincerely,

    UA President Shruti Sharma
    GSC President Kendall Nowocin
    Chair of the Faculty Steven Hall
    Chancellor Cindy Barnhart

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