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In his classic 1957 work "An Economic Theory of Democracy," Anthony Downs stated the problem: "It seems probable that for a great many citizens in a democracy, rational behavior excludes any investment whatever in political information per se. No matter how significant a difference between parties is revealed to the rational citizen by his free information, or how uncertain he is about which party to support, he realizes that his vote has almost no chance of influencing the outcome.... He will not even utilize all the free information available, since assimilating it takes time."

A character in B.F. Skinner's 1948 polemical utopian novel "Walden II" put it even more succinctly: "The chance that one man's vote will decide the issue in a national election... is less than the chance that he will be killed on his way to the polls."

http://timothytaylor.net/1996/110396.htm