Tcf4 Deficiency Causes Recurrent Seizures in Mice
Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a transcription factor that is critical for the normal development and function of the central nervous system. Haploinsufficiency of TCF4 causes Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS), a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by seizures and intellectual disability. To expand our currently limited understanding of TCF4 function and PTHS pathophysiology, we created a mouse model of PTHS with largely astrocyte-specific heterozygous knockout of Tcf4. These mice developed severe recurrent seizures and had decreased lifespans. In addition, we found that these mice had astrogliosis as well as increased neuronal activity in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Furthermore, single nucleus RNA sequencing analysis revealed global changes in the gene expression profiles of excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of PTHS compared to wild-type mice. Overall, this is the first report of a PTHS mouse model with seizures, providing the field with a tool to investigate the mechanisms of PTHS development and progression and develop therapeutics for PTHS and its associated epilepsy.