Long-acting naltrexone restores network connectivity in subjects with co-morbid cannabis and opioid use disorder
Co-morbid substance use disorders (SUDs) are common but difficult to study due to the complex, interacting, and overlapping mechanisms through which they affect brain networks. Many datasets collected to investigate a specific SUD include participants with co-morbid SUDs. While most studies treat comorbid SUDs as covariates of no interest, these covariates also contain untapped information. This is particularly relevant as cannabis use disorder (CanUD) has become increasingly prevalent and co-morbid with other SUDs that have been more thoroughly studied. While treatments have been established for multiple SUDs, none have been approved for CanUD, although naltrexone (NTX) has been associated with reduced use. Here, we conducted a retrospective secondary analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from individuals with primary opioid use disorder (OUD) with co-morbid CanUD, alcohol use disorder (AUD), or cocaine use disorder (CocUD), while controlling for opioid use. All participants underwent imaging prior to receiving a therapeutic dose of long-acting intramuscular NTX (Vivitrol), an approved treatment for OUD and AUD but not for CocUD, and again two weeks post-administration. At baseline, OUD individuals with co-morbid CanUD, AUD, or CocUD exhibited distinct functional connectivity (FC) alterations compared to those with OUD-only. These differences were greater in younger participants and primarily involved the default mode network. Following NTX administration, FC differences between the co-morbid CanUD and OUD-only groups globally diminished. A similar FC response to NTX was observed in the parietal, subcortical, sensory, and cerebellar networks in the co-morbid AUD group. In contrast, little change in FC was observed in co-morbid CocUD. These findings, combined with prior evidence that NTX reduces cannabis use by dampening the experience of reward, suggest NTX may hold promise as a treatment for CanUD.