Fun fact: three of the top five sit in South Korea, around Ulsan and Yeosu, one of the densest refining clusters in the world.

Ranked by crude distillation capacity, in thousands of barrels per day (kbd):

1. Reliance Jamnagar - Gujarat, India - 1,240 kbd. The largest refining complex on Earth, privately owned by Reliance Industries. Two integrated refineries on a single site.
2. PDVSA Paraguaná - Falcón, Venezuela - 955 kbd. This is nameplate capacity; real-world output runs far below it after years of underinvestment.
3. SK Energy Ulsan - South Korea - 840 kbd.
4. GS Caltex Yeosu - South Korea - 775 kbd.
5. S-Oil Onsan - Ulsan, South Korea - 669 kbd.
6. Dangote - Lagos, Nigeria - 650 kbd. The newest on the list (started up 2024) and Africa's largest, built to end Nigeria's dependence on imported fuel.
7. Port Arthur - Texas, USA - 600 kbd. The biggest refinery in North America (operated by Motiva, owned by Saudi Aramco).
8. ExxonMobil Jurong Island - Singapore - 592 kbd.
9. ExxonMobil Beaumont - Texas, USA - 584 kbd.
10. Saudi Aramco Ras Tanura - Saudi Arabia - 550 kbd.