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ознакомтесь что ваши соотечественники наделали First World War (1914-18), Russia(Імперія включно з Україною): 1,700,000 (everyone, Paschall); 1,800,000 (The World War I Databook:E&C); 1,811,000 (Urlanis); 2,950,000 (Eckhardt) Civilian casualty estimates Urlanis: Russia: 1,500,000 Tucker: Russia: 2,000,000 Eckhardt: Russia: 3,000,000 John Ellis & Michael Cox, The World War I Databook: Russia: 2,000,000 Russian Civil War (1917-22): # Eckhardt: 500,000 civ. + 300,000 mil. = 800,000 # Readers Companion to Military History, Cowley and Parker, eds. (1996) : * Combat deaths: 825,000 * Ancillary deaths: 2,000,000 * TOTAL: 2,825,000 # Davies, Norman (Europe A History, 1998) * Civil War and Volga Famine (1918-22): 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 # Brzezinski, Z: * 6 to 8 million people died under Lenin from war, famine etc. # Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History by Norman Lowe (2002) * TOTAL: 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 * Red Army o Battle: 632,000 o Disease: 581,000 * Whites: 1,290,000 battle + disease * White Terror: "tens of thousands" * Red Terror o Executed: 50-200,000 o Died in prison or killed in revolts: 400,000 * Typhoid + typhus o 1919: 890,000 o 1920: >1M # Urlanis: * Military deaths: 800,000 o Battle deaths, all sides: 300,000 o Dead of wounds: 50,000 o Disease: 450,000 * Civilians: 8,000,000 * TOTAL: 8,800,000 # Dyadkin, I.G. (cited in Adler, N., Victims of Soviet Terror, 1993) * 9 million unnatural deaths from terror, famine and disease, 1918-23 # Richard Pipes, A concise history of the Russian Revolution (1995): 9 million deaths, 1917-1922 * Famine: 5M * Combat: 2M o Reds: 1M o Whites: 127,000 * Epidemics: 2M * not incl. o Emigration: 2M o Birth deficit: 14M # rummel: * Civil War (1917-22) o War: 1,410,000 (includes 500,000 civilian) o Famine: 5,000,000 (50% democidal) o Other democide: 784,000 o Epidemics: 2,300,000 o Total: 9,494,000 * Lenin's Regime (1917-24) o rummel blames Lenin for a lifetime total of 4,017,000 democides. # Figes, Orlando (A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, 1997) * 10 million deaths from war, terror, famine and disease. o Including... + Famine (1921-22): 5 million + Killed in fighting, both military and civilian: 1M + Jews killed in pogroms: 150,000 o Not including... + Demographic effects of a hugely reduced birth-rate: 10 M + Emmigration: 2M # McEvedy, Colin (Atlas of World Population History, 1978) * War deaths: 2M * Other excess deaths: 14M * Reduced births: 10M * Emmigration: 2M ДОДАТКОВІ ОКРЕМІ ЦИФРИ: # Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: a History of the Russian Civil War 1918-1921 * Death sentences by the Cheka: ca. 100,000 * Pogroms: as many as one in 13 Jews k. out of 1.5M in Ukraine [i.e. ca. 115,000] (citing Heifetz) # Nevins, citing Heifetz and the Red Cross: 120,000 Jews killed in 1919 pogroms # Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): Cheka responsible for maybe 250,000+ violent deaths. # Paul Johnson * 50,000 death sentences imposed by the Cheka by 12/20 * 100,000 Jews killed in 1919 # Green, Barbara (in Rosenbaum, Is the Holocaust Unique?) * 4 to 5 million deaths in the famine of 1921-23 # Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace * North Russia: 244 USAns d. incl. 144 k.battle * Siberia: 160 USAns KIA + 168 other d. * [US Total: 304 KIA + 268 other = 572 d.] * Czech Legion: 13,000 dead. Soviet Union, Stalin's regime (1924-53): # Adler, N., Victims of Soviet Terror, 1993 cites these: * Chistyakovoy, V. (Neva, no.10): 20 million killed during the 1930s. * Dyadkin, I.G. (Demograficheskaya statistika neyestestvennoy smertnosti v SSSR 1918-1956 ): 56 to 62 million "unnatural deaths" for the USSR overall, with 34 to 49 million under Stalin. * Gold, John.: 50-60 million. # Davies, Norman (Europe A History, 1998): c. 50 million killed 1924-53, excluding WW2 war losses. This would divide (more or less) into 33M pre-war and 17M after 1939. # rummel, 1990: 61,911,000 democides in the USSR 1917-87, of which 51,755,000 occurred during the Stalin years. This divides up into: * 1923-29: 2,200,000 (plus 1M non-democidal famine deaths) * 1929-39: 15,785,000 (plus 2M non-democidal famine) * 1939-45: 18,157,000 * 1946-54: 15,613,000 (plus 333,000 non-democidal famine) * TOTAL: 51,755,000 democides and 3,333,000 non-demo. famine # William Cockerham, Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe: 50M+ # Wallechinsky: 13M (1930-32) + 7M (1934-38) * Cited by Wallechinsky: o Medvedev, Roy (Let History Judge): 40 million. o Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr: 60 million. In The Great Terror (1969), Robert Conquest suggested that the overall death toll was 20 million at minimum -- and very likely 50% higher, or 30 million. This would divide roughly as follows: 7M in 1930-36; 3M in 1937-38; 10M in 1939-53. Daniel Chirot: * "Lowest credible" estimate: 20M * "Highest": 40M * Citing: o Conquest: 20M o Antonov-Ovseyenko: 30M o Medvedev: 40M Tina Rosenberg, The Haunted Land: Facing Europes Ghosts After Communism (1995): upwards of 25M Famine, 1926-38 Mace: 5-7 M in Ukraine Conquest: * Total, USSR, 1926-37: 11M * 1932-33: 7M Спровокована зусиллями СССР і особисто Сталіна Друга СВітова війна: Brzezinski: * Military: 19M * Civilians, "actual byproduct of hostilities": 20M * Hitler's murders: 17M rummel: * European War Dead (1939-45): # Hitler: 20,946,000 # Stalin: 13,053,000 СССР під час 2ї Світової винен в смертях: # Deported nationalities: * Aleksandr Nekrich, The Punished Peoples (1978): Net population losses, 1939-59, after allowance for wartime losses. o Chechens: 590,000 o Kalmyks: 142,000 o Ingush: 128,000 o Karachai: 124,000 o Balkars: 64,000 o [TOTAL: 1,048,000] * Kenneth Christie, Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy (2002) o Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonians (1940-41): 85,000 deported, of which 55,000 killed or died o Baltics executed during reconquest (1944-45): 30,000 o Postwar partisan war + Lithuanians: 40-50,000 k. + Latvian: 25,000 + Estonians: 15,000 o [TOTAL: 170,000 ± 5,000] * Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997) o citing rummel: 530,000 Chechens and other Black Sea/Caucasus minorities d. o citing NKVD archives: 231,000 deaths, 1943-49 * Harff and Gurr: o Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, Kalmyks: 230,000 d. (1943-57) o Meskhierians, Crimean Tatars: 57,000 - 175,000 d. (1944-68) * Davies: 1,000,000 Volga Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, etc. * NewsHour: some 200,000 Chechens died during the exile # Enemy POWs never returned: * Brzezinski: 1,000,000 total d. (incl. 357,000 Germans, 140,000 Poles) * Davies: 1,000,000 d. * Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): official figures released under glasnost o Germans: 2,388,000 POWs taken, of which 356,000 died o Hungarians, Romanians, etc.: 1,097,000 taken, of which 162,000 died o Japanese: 600,000 taken, of which 61,855 died o [Total: 4,085,000 taken, of which ca. 580,000 died] * Katyn Massacre (April-May 1940): o Dictionary of 20C World History: 14,000 Polish officers systematically killed. 4,500 bodies discovered by Germans. o 30 July 2000 Sunday Telegraph [London]: 15,000 k. o Paul Johnson: 15,000 -- a third at Katyn, the rest in Sov. conc. camps. o Gilbert: 15,000 Polish POWs sent to 3 camps - Starobelsk, Kozelsk, Ostashkov - all killed. 4,400 from Kozelsk killed at Katyn. # Returning Soviet POWs killed after the war: * Harff and Gurr: 500,000 - 1,100,000 repatriated Soviet nationals killed (1943-47) * Harper Collins: 1,000,000 POWs * Davies: 5-6M deaths, screening of repatriates and inhabitants of ex-occupied territory # Soviet soldiers executed: * Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997) o "latest Russian estimates put the figure as high as 158,000 sentenced to be shot." o "442,000 were forced to serve in penal batallions." [These were assigned suicidally dangerous tasks, and the only way out was death or wounds, so figure maybe half dead, half crippled.] # Gulag during the war years: * Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): 2.4M sent to Gulag; 1.9M freed. "Official figures show 621,000 deaths in the Gulag" during WW2 # Total killed by Stalin during the war years: * Davies: 16-17,000,000 non-war-dead * rummel: 18,157,000 democides Russo-Finnish War (1939-1940): * COWP o USSR: 50,000 o Finland: 24,900 o TOTAL: 74,900 * Gilbert o USSR: 58,000 o Finland: 27,000 o TOTAL: 85,000 * Singer o USSR: 50,000 o Finland: 40,000 o TOTAL: 90,000 * Eckhardt: 90,000 * Roger Reese, The Soviet Military Experience : A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991 o Red Army: 126,875 killed and missing * Clodfelter o Finland: 23,157 KIA o USSR + according to Molotov: 48,745 KIA + most others give 175-200,000 o [TOTAL: ca. 200,000-225,000] * Eloise Engle, The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940 o Finland: 25,000 o Soviets: one million killed, according to Khrushchev Russo-Polish War (1918-1920): * Singer o USSR: 60,000 o Poland: 40,000 o TOTAL: 100,000 * Eckhardt: 100,000 * Urlanis calculates 37,000 Poles KIA, and cites... o Polish official commission: + killed: 17,278 (Urlanis: "underestimation") + dead: 30,337 + missing: 51,374 Russia (1994 et seq.) * War in Chechnya, 1994-96 o 16 May 2001 AP: Russian soldiers: 3,826 kia + 1,906 mia in 21 mos. o Amnesty International: 20-30,000 ("Russian Federation: Brief summary of concerns about human rights violations in the Chechen Republic" (April 1996) + cited by Amnesty International: Russian Presidential Commission for Human Rights: 27,000 o Global Security: "1,500 Russian troops and 25,000 civilians had died by April 1995" o SIPRI 1997: 10,000-40,000 (1994-96) o War Annual 8 (1997): 40,000 o CDI: 50,000 (1994-96) o Dictionary of 20C World History: 80,000 o Ploughshares 2000: 80-100,000 o 6 Dec. 1999 Time: 4,000 Russian soldiers + 100,000 Chechens, 1994-96 * Renewed fighting, 1999 o 6 Dec. 1999 Time: 4,000 o Ploughshares 2000: >5,000 o 16 May 2001 AP: 3,096 Russian soldiers in 20 mos. * Both Wars: o 11 Nov. 2002 Time: 38,000 combatants + 200,000 civilians o 11 Nov. 2002 Newsweek: 100,000 civilians Russian Revolution (1917) * Eckhardt: 1,000 civ. + 1,000 military = 2,000 Sino-Soviet War (1929) Eckhardt: 3,000 military Decommuniziation: тут неясно чи це по Росії чи по ссср * Jerry Hough, LA Times 18 August 1998 Op-Ed: With the collapse of communism in Russia, poverty and death rates soared, and some 3 million people in Russia died who would have been alive if the old life expectancy rates had been maintained. * The Times (London) 27 Jan. 2000: The Russian population is roughly six million lower than if birth and death rates had stayed constant since the fall of communism. * 28 Dec. 1994 Plain Dealer: 360,000 more Russians died in 1993 than in 1992. ---------------- Це окремі цифри з збірки http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat Добавить комментарий: |
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