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Муссолини был категорически враждебен финансовому капиталу; социализму тоже, в равной степени (и по той же самой причине). Mussolini's fascism took another step at this time with the advent of the Corporative State, a supposedly pragmatic arrangement under which economic decisions were made by councils composed of workers and employers who represented trades and industries. By this device the presumed economic rivalry between employers and employees was to be resolved, preventing the class struggle from undermining the national struggle. In the Corporative State, for example, strikes would be illegal and labor disputes would be mediated by a state agency. Theoretically, the fascist economy was to be guided by a complex network of employer, worker, and jointly run organizations representing crafts and industries at the local, provincial, and national levels. At the summit of this network was the National Council of Corporations. But although syndicalism and corporativism had a place in fascist ideology and were critical to building a consensus in support of the regime, the council did little to steer the economy. The real decisions were made by state agencies such as the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (Istituto per la Ricosstruzione Industriale, or IRI), mediating among interest groups. Mussolini also eliminated the ability of business to make independent decisions: the government controlled all prices and wages, and firms in any industry could be forced into a cartel when the majority voted for it. The well-connected heads of big business had a hand in making policy, but most smaller businessmen were effectively turned into state employees contending with corrupt bureaucracies. They acquiesced, hoping that the restrictions would be temporary. Land being fundamental to the nation, the fascist state regimented agriculture even more fully, dictating crops, breaking up farms, and threatening expropriation to enforce its commands. Banking also came under extraordinary control. As Italy's industrial and banking system sank under the weight of depression and regulation, and as unemployment rose, the government set up public works programs and took control over decisions about building and expanding factories. The government created the Istituto Mobiliare in 1931 to control credit, and the IRI later acquired all shares held by banks in industrial, agricultural, and real estate enterprises. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Fasc Де-факто, банковский капитал был при Муссолини упразднен. >Что до исламского бизнеса, то, по-моему, >крупный (нефтяной) капитал в исламских странах вполне >существует, и никто с ним особо не борется. Прошу не путать "богатых людей" и "капитал". Капитал есть определенный экономический механизм - банки, биржа, ценные бумаги, инвестиции, валютные спекуляции, в исламских странах в основном запрещенные; а "богатый человек" есть просто денежный мешок. "Исламский банк" есть банк примерно в той же степени, в которой советская сберкасса есть банк. Такие дела Миша Добавить комментарий: |
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