Сообщество, посвящённое ра - October 23rd, 2014

October 23rd, 2014

October 23rd, 2014
12:42 pm
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Pterodaustro

 Pterodaustro is a genus of Cretaceous pterodactyloid pterosaur from South America, which lived 105 million years ago.

 The first fossils, among them the holotype PLV 2571, a thigh bone, were in the late sixties discovered by Bonaparte in the Lagarcito Formation, situated in the San Luis Province of Patagonia, Argentina, and dating from the Albian. The genus has later also been found in Chile in the Santa Ana Formation. At the Argentine site, the just 50 m² large "Loma del Pterodaustro", since then during several expeditions over 750 Pterodaustro specimens have been collected, 288 of them having been catalogued until 2008. This makes the species one of the best known pterosaurs, with examples from all growth stages, from egg to adult.

 The genus was named in 1969 by José Bonaparte as an as yet undescribed nomen nudum. The first description followed in 1970, making the name valid, the type species being Pterodaustro guiñazui. The genus name is derived from Greek pteron, "wing" and Latin auster, "south (wind)". The elements are combined as a condensed pteron de austro, "wing from the south". The specific name honours paleontologist Román Guiñazú. It was emended in 1978 by Peter Wellnhofer into guinazui, because diacritical signs such as the tilde are not allowed in species names.

 Pterodaustro has a very elongated skull, up to 29 centimetres long. The portion in front of the eye sockets comprises 85% of skull length. The long snout and lower jaws curve strongly upwards; the tangent at the point of the snout is perpendicular to that of the jaw joint. Pterodaustro has about a thousand bristle-like modified teeth in its lower jaws that might have been used to strain crustaceans, plankton, algae, and other small creatures from the water. These teeth stand for the most part not in separate alveoli but in two long grooves parallel to the edges of the jaw. They have a length of three centimetres and are oval in cross-section, with a width of just 0.2 - 0.3 millimetres. At first it was suspected these structures were not true teeth at all, but later research established they were built like normal teeth, including enamel, dentine and a pulpa. Despite being made of very hard material, they might still have been flexible to some extent due to their extreme length-width ratio, a bend of up to 45° being possible. The upper jaws also carried teeth, but these were very small with a flat conical base and a spatula-formed crown. These teeth also do not have separate tooth sockets but were apparently held by ligaments in a special tooth pad, that was also covered with small ossicles, or bone plates.

 The back of the skull was also rather elongated and in a low position; there are some indications for a low parietal crest.

 Pterodaustro had an adult wingspan of approximately 250 centimetres (8.20 ft). Its hindlimbs are rather robust and its feet large. Its tail is uniquely elongated for a pterodactyloid, containing 22 caudal vertebrae, whereas other members of this group have at most sixteen.

 Pterodaustro probably waded in shallow water like flamingos, straining food with its tooth comb, a method called "filter feeding". Once it caught its food, Pterodaustro probably mashed it with the small, globular teeth present in its upper jaw.

 Robert Bakker incorrectly suggested that, like flamingos, this pterosaur's diet may have resulted in a pink hue. However, recent studies show that only Neoaves can sequester carotenoids for use as a pigment in the feathers rather than just the skin or beak, and even then they require to enhance it with structural colors, so a pink hue for any pterosaur seems extremely unlikely.

 At least two specimens of Pterodaustro have been found, MIC V263 and MIC V243, with gizzard stones in the stomach cavity, the first ever reported for any pterosaur. These clusters of small stones with angled edges support the idea that Pterodaustro ate mainly small, hard-shelled aquatic crustaceans using filter-feeding. Such invertebrates are abundant in the sediment of the fossil site.

 A study of the growth stages of Pterodaustro concluded that juveniles grew relatively fast in their first two years, attaining about half of the adult size. Then they reached sexual maturity, growing at a slower rate for four to five years until there was a determinate growth stop.

 In 2004 a Pterodaustro embryo in an egg was reported, specimen MHIN-UNSL-GEO-V246. The egg was elongated, six centimetres long and 22 millimetres across and its mainly flexible shell was covered with a thin layer, 0.3 mm thick, of calcite. Three-dimensionally preserved eggs were reported in 2014.

 Comparisons between the scleral rings of Pterodaustro and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had similar activity patterns to modern anseriform birds that feed at night.

 Bonaparte in 1970 assigned Pterodaustro to the Pterodactylidae; in 1971 to a Pterodaustriidae. However, from 1996 cladistic studies by Alexander Kellner and David Unwin have shown a position in the Ctenochasmatidae, together with other filter feeders.

 The genus Puntanipterus might be a subjective junior synonym of Pterodaustro.

 Read More )

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6):


 



 



 


 


 


 



 Размеры тела в сравнении с человеком:


 



 Ископаемые останки (1, 2, 3):


 


 


 


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TimeEvent
04:11 pm
[industrialterro]

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Quetzalcoatlus

 Кетцалькоа́тль (Quetzalcoatlus) — крупнейший известный на сегодня представитель отряда птерозавров (Pterosauria). Типовой вид — Quetzalcoatlus northropi Lawson, 1975. Размах крыльев точно не известен из-за неполной сохранности останков, но по пропорциям птерозавров других видов оценивается приблизительно в 11 метров (по мнению некоторых палеонтологов — до 15 м). Обнаружен в позднемеловых отложениях Северной Америки. Время обитания — поздний меловой период, 68—65,5 миллионов лет назад.

 Весил, по разным оценкам, от 85 до 250 кг. Окаменелости кетцалькоатля обнаружены в Северной Америке. Название дано в честь ацтекского бога. В настоящее время кетцалькоатль вместе с другими гигантскими птерозаврами (Hatzegopteryx) являеся самым крупным известным летающим существом за всю историю жизни на планете. Кетцалькоатль и хатцегоптерикс были примерно одинакового размера, только первый был немного более массивным. Кетцалькоатль летал над сушей и питался падалью и мелкими позвоночными. Возможно, он мог поймать и небольшого динозавра весом до 30 килограммов.

 Изначально размах крыльев оценили в 15,9 метров, усреднив оценку через пропорции других птерозавров. Однако в ходе исследования 1981 года оценочный размер уменьшили до 11—12 метров. Более поздние исследования ещё уменьшили размер Q. до 10—11 метров.

 Оценить массу гигантских аждархидов очень сложно, поскольку нет существующих видов схожего размера или строения, поэтому в разных публикациях результаты разнятся. В то время как некоторые исследования традиционно указывают крайне низкую оценочную массу, как например 70 кг для 10-и метровой особи, большинство оценок, опубликованных с начала 2000-х, указывают на массу в районе 200 кг.

 О жизненном укладе Q. существует несколько предположений. Поскольку кости были найдены в сотнях километров от береговой линии, и не было найдено следов больших рек или глубоких озёр, Дуглас Лоусон в 1975 году отверг рыболовную натуру Q., предположив, что животное питалось падалью подобно африканскому марабу. Лоусон нашел останки гигантского птерозавра во время поисков костей аламозавра, бывшего важной частью экосистемы.

 В 1996 году Томас Леман и Лангстон указали, что строение нижней челюсти отличается от таковой у типичных птиц-падальщиков. Они предположили, что длинная шея и длинные беззубые челюсти позволяли Q. питаться примерно как современные водорезы, ловя рыбу во время полета над водой, прочесывая волны клювом.

 Исследование 2007 года показало, что для такого большого птерозавра подобный полет был бы слишком энергозатратным из-за сильного лобового сопротивления.

 Read More )

Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12):


 


 



 


 


 

 Read More )

 Размеры тела в сравнении с человеком:


 


 

 Ископаемые останки и реплики (1, 2, 3):


 


 


 


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