Купание и мытье.14-19 век

Купание и мытье.14-19 век

До сих пор существует две полярных точки зрения- мылись или не мылись люди в прошлые века. Одна гласит, что в Европе не мылись, а на Руси- были бани. Но есть картинки 13-16 века с изображениями мытья и общественных бань в Европе, особенно много немецких. Причем бани там совместные и такие, что многие современные "сауны" отдыхают. Также много живописи и графики с мифологическими сюжетами купаний и омовений, что говорит о том, что сама процедура мытья вовсе не была под запретом, о чем говорится во многих текстах. Действительно- существовали поверья, что через воду может проникнуть всякая нечисть, для этого в ванну стелили ткань. Есть картинки с изображением высоких особ в ванных, так что утверждать, что мыться было не принято- нельзя. Опять же существовало мыловарение как цеховое и кустарное производство.


Attributed to Gerardus Duyckinck
Lady Undressing for a Bath, c. 1730/1740



MASTER of the Fontainebleau School
Venus at Her Toilet c. 1550

С другой стороны- во все эти времена существовали блохоловки , что говорит о несоблюдении привычных нам гигиенических процедур. В 17-18 веках ванны назначались врачами больным, как лечебная процедура, а так ограничивались протиранием. Ванных комнат практически не было- пользовались кувшином и тазиком.
В предыдущих постах по ссылкам можно найти тексты, доказывающие правоту обеих точек зрения. Вобщем- вопрос этот запутанный и верить можно только своим глазам.



-----------------Мифология------------------------


Marco Zoppo (or Lord Rosebery) album: Death of Seneca, the philosopher in a barrel-like bath in a paved courtyard, in discussion with a soldier seated on a chair, two others soldiers beyond
1465-1474 (?)



After Agostino Veneziano
After Michelangelo
Date
1524



Cornelis Matsys (Print made by); Bathsheba at the bath; a group of women sit or stand around a bath
1549


-------------------------ЖИВОПИСЬ-Мифология------------------------



CRANACH, Lucas the Elder
David and Bathsheba
1526
Red beechwood panel, 39 x 26 cm
Staatliche Museen, Berlin






Jan Metsys (Jan Massys)

Date : 1562
David et Bethsabée - Pays-Bas - XVIème siècle - Louvre Museum




BORDONE, Paris
Bathsheba Bathing
c. 1549
Oil on canvas, 234 x 217 cm
Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne



NALDINI, Giovan Battista
Bathsheba
1570s
Oil on canvas, 182 x 150 cm
The Hermitage, St. Petersburg


Louvre Museum ??? Забыла название
Model : Bethsabée
Hollande - Milieu du XVIIème siècle




Bathsheba
Сornelis
Bathsheba at her bath, 1594
Oil on canvas, 102 x 130 cm
Staatliche Museen, Berlin


CLOUET, Franзois
(b. ca. 1510, Tours, d. 1572, Paris)
The Bath of Diana
1550s
Oil on panel, 78 x 110 cm
Museu de Arte, São Paolo

---------------------------------------------


MASTER of the Fontainebleau School
Venus at Her Toilet
c. 1550
Oil on canvas, 97 x 126 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris


ZUCCHI, Jacopo
The Toilet of Bathsheba
after 1573
Oil on panel


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Artist : Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari
Bathsheba at her Bath
Model : Bethsabée
Date : near 1700



RICCI, Sebastiano
(b. 1659, Belluno, d. 1734, Venezia)
Bathsheba at the Bath
1720s
----------------------

Pierre Dupin
Diane sitting on a river bank next to a sculpted stone vase, surrounded by three nymphs
Engraving
1730-1751

Bathsheba receiving the letter of king David. Interior of a bath-house with Bathsheba seated on several sheets at the edge of a bath
Print made by Pieter Fransz. de Grebber
Date
1615-1655


RICCI, Sebastiano
Bathsheba
c. 1725
Oil on canvas, 109 x 142 cm
Staatliche Museen, Berlin


Вoucher
Diana Leaving her Bath, 1742


--------------------------Купания в Греции и Риме---------------------------------



Grecian lady at the bath

The Three Graces bathing assisted by the Hours. (1844-1861)





Strigils and Sponges (opus 197); three Roman women bathing, with fountain in the form of a dolphin and boy entwined, in foreground, part of a mosaic
Drawn by Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Date
1879

---------------------Мытье в Европе---------------------


Text with pen drawing of a bishop (or pope) in a bath, and of a nobleman receiving rays of flame from an angel in heaven... (ca. 1427-ca. 1467)




MEMLING, Hans
Bathsheba
1485
Oil on wood, 191 x 84 cm
Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart





STOSS, Veit
High Altar of St Mary (Pouring the Bathing Water)
1477-89
Wood
Church of St. Mary, Cracow


Full-page miniature of Bathsheba at her bath being spied upon by David. ([ca. 1500])

-------------------------------БАНИ------------------------------



DÜRER, Albrecht
The Women's Bath
1496
Pen, 231 x 226 mm
Kunsthalle, Bremen



Albrecht Dürer (Print made by); Within an outdoor space of a bath-house,
Within an outdoor space of a bath-house, a group of six, almost nude men standing and sitting, the two men in the centre making music with a flute and a fiddle, one on the left listening, one on the right drinking, two in the foreground engaged in a conversation; in the background the houses of a town and various people.
c.1496






Israhel van Meckenem (Print made by); Children's bath; a naked woman sits to the right, washing a child, who bends over her knees,
a large vat filled with water and six playing boys; a scroll without text is placed above; third state.
c. 1480-90


Drawn by Jan Gossaert (biographical details | all objects)
Date
1485-1541





Peter Vischer II (Drawn by); Bath-house scene;
1515




Two couples and two single figures in a square bath with a fountain at centre; illustration to an unidentified Latin edition of Sebastian Münster, 'Cosmographia', probably printed by Petri in Basel, c.1544-52.


Four couples seated in a round bath around a fountain; a man playing a flute at right; illustration to an unidentified Latin edition of Sebastian Münster, 'Cosmographia', probably printed by Petri in Basel, c.1544-52.


Women at the baths
Print made by Jean Mignon
Date
1545-1555




Three women in the bath-house; a young woman on the right climbing onto a bench on which a child is standing. One of the two older women on the right touching her. The older woman's left foot in a tub, in the background a wood-panel wall and a tiled stove. Reverse copy of Barthel Beham's design. 1548


The Fountain of Youth
Print made by Sebald Beham
Date
1530-1545


The Fountain of Youth
Print made by Sebald Beham
Date
1530-1545
the pool of water formed by the fountain covered with a Renaissance bath-house, a smaller fountain set inside the pool. Various groups of bathers in and around the water, including a barber in the left background and a couple playing backgammon on the right. On the roof, above an ornament frieze another five bathers, on the right an old woman playing a hurdy-gurdy.




The Fountain of Youth
in the foreground a group of old people walking to a walled pool of water fed by the Fountain of Youth. In the middle distance a group of rejuvinated nudes dancing around a fire. Landscape background with a village on the left. Rather late impression
Print made by Sebald Beham
1530-1545



The public bath; after a drawing by Heinrich Aldegrever; interior with various nude figures, washing, reclining and embracing; in right background stairs leading up to another room.
1530-1562
--------------------------



After Barthel Beham
Print made by Sebald Beham
Date
1530-1550

Woman with two children in the bath house; a naked woman sitting on a bench, her right leg placed in a tub on the floor. Her head turned left, as she is looking into a mirror on the left wall. On the right a naked boy standing next to her on the bench, while another naked child is putting a cloth into a second tub in the right foreground. Based on an engraving by Barthel Beham.



Sebald Beham
The fool and the two bathing women; the male figure at centre being undressed by the female figure in the bath-tub at left and another standing behind him at right. 1541


Вобще же есть версия, которая обьясняет- почему картинок общественных бань к 17-18 веку становится немного. Причиной называется то, что леса в Европе постепенно сводили, оставшиеся были в частных владениях, и как следствие- дрова были очень дорогими. То есть мытье было доступно далеко не всем. В северных странах с этим было, конечно, проще.

-----------------------Бани в Англии-----------------------



Interior View of Queen Elizabeth's Bath
Queen Elizabeth I (ruler; British; Female; 1533 - 1603)
Biography
Daughter of Henry VIII (q.v.) and Anne Boleyn (q.v.). Succeeded half-sister Mary I (q.v.).
Interior of a room with a rectangular pool in the centre, shallow steps cut into the pavement around it and arched niches at the base of the walls, under a low vaulted ceiling with small arched windows in deep embrasures; after Wright; illustration, vol. 1834


The King's bath and the Queen's bath at Bath, looking W; King's bath to the right, Queen's to the left, both with bathers, watched by spectators from surrounding balcony and houses.
1675
The King's Bath, so called since at least the thirteenth century, was the oldest of the baths. The wooden pavilion in the centre, known as the Cross, was erected in 1663/4, replacing an earlier one (to be seen in Willem Schellinks's drawing of 1662 in the Austrian National Library, Vienna). The recess within it was known as the Kitchen because of the high temperature of the water here, the point at which the hot spring rose. The supposed founder of the bath, Bladud, a mythical ancient British ruler, was commemorated by a statue and by a tablet with an inscription, here transcribed by Johnson, which was erected in 1672. The smaller adjoining New Bath was renamed the Queen's Bath to commemorate the first visit of Anne of Denmark (King James I's consort) in 1613, a date which Johnson erroneously notes as 1618.


-------------------------

Agnès Sorel (French; Female; 1422 c. - 1450)
Biography
Mistress of King Charles VII (q.v.) from 1444 to 1450. It has been speculated that she was poisoned, either by Dauphin Louis XI (q.v.), or by Jacques Coeur (q.v.).
A luxurious bathroom, with Agnès Sorel getting out of the bath, and Charles VII trying to hold her back; three servants bustling around at left; finished state for an illustration to an unidentified edition of Voltaire's 'La Pucelle', Canto 1. 1801/1802
After Jean Michel Moreau le jeune 1801-1802






CLOUET, François
Diane de Poitiers
1571
Oil on wood, 92 x 81 cm
National Gallery of Art, Washington
Other works by the artist...


MASTER of the Fontainebleau School
Diana at the Bath
c. 1590
Oil on wood, 105 x 76 cm
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon


--------------

Ludwig Krug (Print made by); A woman bathing; nude, whole-length figure
1510-1532




Print made by Rembrandt
A nude woman bathing with her feet in a brook, almost whole-length with her body turned to left. 1658



1680-1684
Alexander Browne (Published by); Prosper Henry Lankrink (After); John Smith (Published by); Woman, nude apart from a sheet, bathing by a pool




Print made by François Chauveau (biographical details | all objects)
Date
1630-1676

Johann Day (Published by); Moses van Uyttenbroeck (Print made by); A woman bathing, standing on the edge of a pond
1610-1647



SANTERRE, Jean-Baptiste
Susanna at the Bath
1704
Oil on canvas, 205 x 145 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris





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Lady in her bathroom; semi-nude and seated in an arched alcove behind two curtains which are drawn back, at right a pile of clothes on a chair, at left a chest, small table with drawer and mirror
Drawn by James Green
Date
1746-1800


Cabinet du Duc de Choiseul; Recueil d'estampes gravées d'après les tableaux du cabinet de ...; Pierre François Basan
Semi-draped young woman standing by a pool and leaning on a pedestal supporting a vase; a servant washes her feet. 1772




After Achille Devéria
a girl taking a bath; on the left, a woman stiring a soup in a bowl and holding the hand of a child. July 1829


INGRES, Jean-Auguste-Dominique
The Turkish Bath
1862
Oil on canvas on wood, diameter 108 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris


Print made by Jean Daullé
Production place
Published in Paris (all objects)
Date
1757-1759


Three women bathing; one of them stands in the foreground, semi-naked, arms crossed on her chest.
Print made by Baron Dominique Vivant Denon (biographical details | all objects)
Date
1780-1793


Oval composition with two naked boys bathing in a stream watched by two girls who appear to be shocked at the sight. 1789
1789 by T.Gaugain

------------------КАРТИНКИ--------------------

Раздевание перед ванной
Lady undressing for the bath, published c.1688-90
Jean Dieu de Saint-Jean




Lady Worsley, dressing in the bathing house
Print made by Anonymous
Date
1782



---------------------КАРИКАТУРЫ--------------------



The bath. ["----The wide sea "Hath drops too few to wash her clean". S...] (1820)


Published by George Humphrey
Date
1820



Le Bain Economique des Incroyables de la rue de la Tannerie a quinze centimes
Social satire on women's bathing; the interior of a women's bathhouse, with two clothed women and an attendant at the right and a group of semi-clothed women in the bath on the left, with a man appearing through the ceiling; a later state. after 1807



-------------------------Ванны и ванные комнаты--------------------------


Bath-room interior. Plate 975-G. (1877-1893)

Bath Room Interior by the J.L. Mott Iron Works. (1888)

Cabinet work for baths. Plates 40-D and 41-D. (1884)

В 19 веке уже существует массовая продажа сантехнического оборудования, вобще 18-18 век- это большая тема, есть очень красивые вещи и картинки, я постараюсь их позже показать.

ЧАСТЬ 2- http://marinni.livejournal.com/417175.html

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Все посты про гигиену и туалеты-ТУТ
Блохоловки:http://marinni.livejournal.com/7403.html
Туалеты, история:http://marinni.livejournal.com/349046.html?view=3475574#t3475574
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/index.html
http://www.wga.hu/index.html
http://www.britishmuseum.org/default.aspx