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>Кожев Apropos of this: I went to Paris in
1946 or 1947, and I met there the very interesting thinker Alexandre
Kojéve. He was one of the most amusing and intelligent men I have ever
met. He had become an important French financial official. We talked
about Stalin. I remember I said to him: “What a pity that we know so
little about the Greek sophists. Most of what we know about them comes
from opponents—Plato and Aristotle—it is as if we only knew Bertrand
Russell’s views from Soviet textbooks.” “Oh no! If we only knew
Bertrand Russell’s views from Soviet textbooks we might think him a
serious philosopher!” We talked about Hobbes and the Soviet state.
“No,” he said, “it is not a Hobbesian state.” He went on to say that once
one realizes that Russia is a country of ignorant peasants and poor
workers, one sees that it is a very difficult country to control. He said that
it really was dreadfully backward; backward in 1917, not just in the
eighteenth century. Now anyone who wanted to do something with
Russia had to shake it violently. In a society in which you have very
severe rules—however absurd—for example, a law which states that
everybody has to stand on their heads at half past three, everybody would
do this, to save their lives. But that was not enough for Stalin. That
would not change things enough, Stalin had to squash his subjects into a
dough, which he could knead in any way he wanted; there must be no
habits, no rules which people could rely on: otherwise things would
remain unmalleable. But if you accuse people of breaking laws that they
did not break, of crimes that they did not commit, of acts which they
could not even understand—that would reduce them to pulp. Then
nobody would know where they were, nobody was ever safe, since
whatever you did, or did not do, you still might be destroyed. That
creates real “anomie”. Once you have that kind of jelly you can shape it
as you choose from moment to moment. The goal was not to let anything
set. Kojéve was an ingenious thinker and imagined that Stalin was one
too. Hobbes conceived the law which if you obeyed, you could survive.
Stalin made laws which you would be punished for obeying or not
obeying, at random. There was nothing you could do to save yourself.
You were punished for breaking or for obeying laws that didn’t exist.
Nothing could save you. Only out of this passive stuff to which human
beings were to be reduced could the future be built. He said that he wrote
to Stalin, but received no reply. I think that perhaps he identified himself
with Hegel, and Stalin with Napoleon. He was liable to fancies.>А 'российские идеи', которые у тебя, это Гёльдерлин А что там от Гельдерлина?
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