Сообщество, посвящённое ра Below are the 5 most recent journal entries recorded in the "Сообщество, посвящённое ра" journal:
February 11th, 2016
11:06 pm
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Ampelosaurus

Ampelosaurus (/ˌæmplˈsɔːrəs/ am-pi-lo-sawr-əs; meaning "vine lizard") is a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur hailing from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Europe. Its type species is A. atacis, named by Le Loeuff in 1995. A possible unnamed species has givenAmpelosaurus an age reaching to the latest Cretaceous, from about 70 to 66 million years ago.

 Like most sauropods, it would have had a long neck and tail but it also carried armor in the form of osteoderms. Over 500 bones have been assigned to Ampelosaurus and all but the braincase (assigned to A. sp.) has been assigned to A. atacis. They are assigned to the same species because all the differences in the limb proportions have been linked to individual variation. A. atacis is known from a few, well-preserved teeth and some cranial material. A right scapula was discovered associated with a coracoid. The blade of the scapula, contrary to most titanosaurs, is triangular. The blade narrows at one end instead of showing an expansion like most other genera. A. atacis is also known from a pubis about 75 centimetres (30 in) long and an ilium. Aside from that, it is known from a partial forelimb, and many femora.

 Titanosaurians were a flourishing group of sauropod dinosaurs during Cretaceous times. The Spanish locality from the latest Cretaceous of “Lo Hueco” yielded a relatively well preserved, titanosaurian braincase, which shares a number of unique features with A. atacis from France. However, it appeared to differ from A. atacis in some traits also. The specimen has been provisionally identified as Ampelosaurus sp.. A. sp. is most likely a mature titanosaurian since the bones of the braincase have largely fused together.

 Ampelosaurus lived alongside many other animals. Over 8500 specimens have been found alongside it, including gastropods, bivalves, crocodiles, other sauropods, plants and invertebrates in the Villalba de la SierraGres de Saint-ChinianMarnes Rouges Inférieures and Gres de Labarre formations. Recent attention has made Ampelosaurus one of the most well-known dinosaurs known from France.

 Like most sauropods, Ampelosaurus would have had a long neck and tail, but it also carried armor in the form of osteoderms 25 to 28 centimetres (9.8 to 11.0 in) long. The four osteoderms found have three different morphologies, they are plate, bulb, and spine-shaped. This dinosaur would have stretched up to about 15 metres (49 ft) from snout to tail. Ampelosaurus atacis is known from many unattached bones and teeth. It is one of the best-known dinosaurs from France. It is considered to be a dwarf sauropod by Coria et al. (2005) because it has a smaller size in comparison with its ancestors.

 Ampelosaurus is one of the most completely known titanosaurian sauropod from Europe. Since 1989, over 500 bones discovered at the Upper Cretaceous Bellevue locality of southern France have been assigned to A. atacis. An abundant amount of well-preserved elements have been uncovered at Bellevue. In the original description, only a tooth and some vertebrae were examined. In 2005, a complete description was made by Le Loueff of all known material, allowing Ampelosaurus to be much better understood. All the material has been assigned to the species, and even though there are some differences in limb proportions, it has all been linked to individual variation.

 A. atacis is known from a few, well-preserved teeth and some cranial material, a tooth of which was described in its original description. The teeth differentiate Ampelosaurus from Magyarosaurus and Lirainosaurus, both of which are also from Europe. The teeth are different from the two later genera as Ampelosaurus has teeth that are roughly cylindrical in the top with thin expansions at the bottom. They are 21 millimetres (0.83 in) high and about 6 millimetres (0.24 in) wide. Those expansions give its teeth a slight constriction between the root and the crown. The teeth are also quite different from the peg-like teeth of titanosaurids. The teeth, have a general morphology similar to titanosauriansAntarctosaurus and a braincase from Dongargaon. Another skull was described from southern France, but showed some differences, meaning there could have been at least two different titanosaurians in France during the Late Cretaceous.

 The scapula was found attached to a coracoid. In the longer direction, the bone is 72 centimetres (28 in) long. The blade of the scapula, contrary to titanosaurs, is triangular, larger closer to the base. The blade narrows distally instead of showing an expansion. Differing fromMagyarosaurus and Saltasaurus, the scapula does not have the dorsal crest at the base of the scapular blade. The shape of the coracoid is quadrangular, and the coracoid has a thickened cranial margin.

 Ampelosaurus is also known from a pubis, about 75 centimetres (30 in) long. It has a strong distal expansion, that is similar to a titanosaur from Brazil, and a large foramen. Contrary to the South American titanosaurs, the ilium does not have an expansion on the side. The ischium, known from a shaft, is unexpanded distally and very well developed. It is also very flat. An incomplete radius is also known. It lacks the proximal and distal ends, and possesses a very prominent ridge along it. The largest and best-preserved specimens are both ulnas. The right ulna has a total length of 395 millimetres (15.6 in). The right ulna is small and slender, is missing an olecranon, and has a well-marked ridge. The left ulna is larger, with a length of 725 millimetres (28.5 in). The ulna has a deep radial fossa.

 About 27 femora are known from Bellevue, making them the most common bone, most of them more-or-less complete. They are very flat craniocaudally but otherwise, lack any unusual features. In a study of its bone physiology, it was found that the maximum known femur length was 1,100 millimetres (43 in), which is much larger than previously known (802 millimetres (31.6 in)). That means, that the ancestorsAmpelosaurus were slightly smaller than itself. 18 humeri are also known, but none of them approach the size of the largest femur. The humeri do not have a free medullary cavity. The humeri are robust, about 63 centimetres (25 in) long, with very expanded distal and proximal ends.

 Three different types of osteoderms have been recovered at Bellevue. Two with large spines have been uncovered. At the base of each spine, which is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) tall, are two large foramina. The internal faces are all concavo-convex and have a ridge opposite the spine. In side view, they have two sections, a low half that progressively thickens, and a spine.

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March 24th, 2015
04:37 pm
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Alamosaurus

 Аламозавр (Alamosaurus) — род ящеротазовых динозавров инфраотряда завропод. Включает один вид — Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. Эти ящеры жили в верхнем мелу (около 70—65 млн лет назад) на территории Северной Америки. Они достигали длины 21 м и веса 30 тонн. У аламозавра, как и у других завропод, была длинная шея и не менее длинный хвост, заканчивающийся кнутоподобным сужением.

 Вопреки популярному утверждению, этот динозавр не был назван в честь миссии Аламо в Техасе или произошедшей там в 1836 году битвы. Голотип этого вида был обнаружен в Нью-Мексико, и только после этого другие экземпляры были найдены и в Техасе. Родовое название дано по имени геологической свиты Ojo Alamo, в породах которой нашли первый экземпляр, а видовое — по имени округа Сан-Хуан штата Нью-Мексико, где была сделана эта находка.

 Аламозавра уверенно относят к группе титанозавров, в пределах которой он считается продвинутым родом. Но его родственные связи в пределах этой группы остаются неясными. Некоторые авторы включают его вместе с родом Opisthocoelicaudia в подсемейство Opisthocoelicaudinae семейства Saltasauridae. Согласно другим исследованиям, аламозавр — сестринская группа рода Pellegrinisaurus, и в состав Saltasauridae они не входят. Некоторые учёные отмечают сходство аламозавра с Neuquensaurus и Trigonosaurus.

 Alamosaurus (meaning "Ojo Alamo lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs, containing a single species, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, from the late Cretaceous Period of what is now southern North America. It was a large quadrupedal herbivore. Isolated vertebrae and limb bones indicate that it reached sizes comparable to Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus, which would make it the largest dinosaur known from North America. Its fossils have been recovered from a variety of geological formations spanning the Maastrichtian stage (late Edmontonian-Lancian land vertebrate ages) of the Late Cretaceous. Specimens of a juvenile Alamosaurus sanjuanensis have been recovered from only a few meters below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in Texas, making it among the last surviving non-avian dinosaur species.

 The vertebrae from the middle part of its tail had elongated centra. Alamosaurus had vertebral lateral fossae that resembled shallow depressions. Fossae that similarly resemble shallow depressions are known from Saltasaurus, Malawisaurus, Aeolosaurus, and Gondwanatitan. Venenosaurus also had depression-like fossae, but its "depressions" penetrated deeper into the vertebrae, were divided into two chambers, and extend farther into the vertebral columns.

 Alamosaurus had more robust radii than Venenosaurus. Long thought to have been unarmored, recent discoveries indicate that Alamosaurus was armored like other lithostrotians, including Saltasaurus.

 Alamosaurus remains have been discovered throughout the southwestern United States. The holotype was discovered in the Naashoibito Member of the Ojo Alamo Formation (or Kirtland Formation under a different definition) of New Mexico which was deposited during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period. Bones have also been recovered from other Maastrichtian formations, like the North Horn Formation of Utah and the Black Peaks, El Picacho and Javelina Formations of Texas.

 Gilmore originally described a scapula (shoulder bone) and ischium (pelvic bone) in 1922. In 1946, he found a more complete specimen in Utah, consisting of a complete tail, a right forelimb complete except for the tips of the toes, and both ischia. Since then, many other bits and pieces from Texas, New Mexico, and Utah have been referred to Alamosaurus, often without much description. The most completely known specimen is a recently discovered juvenile skeleton from Texas, which allowed educated estimates of length and mass.

 One specimen of Alamosaurus, "USNM 15660", was first uncovered in 1937. Although originally found by Gilmore, it was first recognized by Michael Brett-Surman. It has been catalogued under the same number as a more complete and well-known specimen of Alamosaurus, which was found in very close proximity based on bone impressions. In 2015 it was realized that the specimen, which had been previously described, also included osteoderms, the first confirmation they existed on Alamosaurus.

 No skull material is known, except for a few slender teeth. Contrary to popular assertions, this dinosaur is not named after the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, or the battle that was fought there. The holotype, or original specimen, was discovered in New Mexico and, at the time of its naming, Alamosaurus had not yet been found in Texas. Instead, the name Alamosaurus comes from Ojo Alamo, the geologic formation in which it was found and which was, in turn, named after the nearby Ojo Alamo trading post (since this time there has been some debate as to whether to reclassify the Alamosaurus-bearing rocks as belonging to the Kirtland Formation or whether they should remain in the Ojo Alamo Formation). The term alamo itself is a Spanish word meaning "poplar" and is used for the local subspecies of cottonwood tree. The term saurus is derived from saura (σαυρα), Greek for "lizard" and is the most common suffix used in dinosaur names. There is one species (A. sanjuanensis), which is named after San Juan County, New Mexico, where the first remains were found. Both genus and species were named by Smithsonian paleontologist Charles W. Gilmore in 1922.

 Alamosaurus fossils are most notably found in the Naashoibito member of the Ojo Alamo Formation (dated to between about 69-68 million years old) and in the Javelina Formation, though the exact age range of the later has been difficult to determine. A juvenile specimen of Alamosaurus has been reported to come from the Black Peaks Formation, which overlies the Javelina in Big Bend, Texas, and which straddles the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The Alamosaurus specimen was reported to come from a few meters below the boundary, dated to 66 Ma ago, though the position of the boundary in this region is uncertain. Only one geological site in the Javelina Formation has thus far yielded the correct rock types for radiometric dating. The outcrop, situated in the middle strata of the formation about 90 meters below the K-Pg boundary and within the local range of Alamosaurus fossils, was dated to 69.0 plus or minus 0.9 million years old in 2010. Using this date, in correlation with a measured age from the underlying Aguja Formation and the likely location of the K-Pg boundary in the overlying Black Peaks Formation, the Alamosaurus fauna seems to have lasted from about 70-66 million years ago, with the earliest records of Alamosaurus near the base of the Javelina formation, and the latest just below the K-Pg boundary in the Black Peaks Formation.

 Skeletal elements of Alamosaurus are among the most common Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils found in the United States Southwest and are now used to define the fauna of that time and place. In the south of Late Cretaceous North America, the transition from the Edmontonian to the Lancian is even more dramatic than it was in the north. Thomas M. Lehman describes it as "the abrupt reemergence of a fauna with a superficially 'Jurassic' aspect." These faunas are dominated by Alamosaurus and feature abundant Quetzalcoatlus in Texas. The Alamosaurus-Quetzalcoatlus association probably represent semi-arid inland plains.

 The appearance of Alamosaurus may have represented an immigration event from South America. Some taxa may have co-occurred on both continents, including Kritosaurus and Avisaurus. Alamosaurus appears and achieves dominance in its environment very abruptly, which might support the idea that it originated following an immigration event. Other scientists speculated that Alamosaurus was an immigrant from Asia. However, critics of the immigration hypothesis note that inhabitants of an upland environment like Alamosaurus are more likely to be endemic than coastal species, and tend to have less of an ability to cross bodies of water. Further, Early Cretaceous titanosaurs are already known, so North American potential ancestors for Alamosaurus already existed.

 Other contemporaneous dinosaurs from that part of the world include tyrannosaurs, smaller theropods, the hadrosaurs Edmontosaurus sp. and Kritosaurus sp., the ankylosaur Glyptodontopelta, and the ceratopsids Torosaurus utahensis and Ojoceratops fowleri.

 

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February 18th, 2015
04:02 pm
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Aeolosaurus

 Эолозавр (Aeolosaurus) — род травоядных динозавров из группы титанозавров инфраотряда зауроподов, живший в меловом периоде около 70—68 миллионов лет назад, на территории нынешней Южной Америки. Окаменелости четвероногого зауропода были найдены в Аргентине и Бразилии. Описаны Powell в 1987 году.

 Всего известно 3 вида эолозавров:

 Aeolosaurus colhuehuapensis.

 Aeolosaurus maximus — вид, описанный в 2011 году. Находка была сделана в формации Adamantina на территории современной Бразилии 

 Aeolosaurus rionegrinus.

 Aeolosaurus (/ˌ.əlɵˈsɔrəs/; "Aeolus' lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now South America. Like most sauropods, it would have been a quadrupedal herbivore with a long neck and tail. The remains of this dinosaur are incomplete, so size can only be estimated but Aeolosaurus was probably at least 45 feet (14 m) in length.

 This dinosaur is named after the Greek mythological figure Aeolus, Keeper of the Winds in Homer's Odyssey, because of the frequent winds that blow across Patagonia, where the remains were found. The generic name also includes the Greek sauros ('lizard'), the traditional suffix used in dinosaur names. The specific name (A. rionegrinus), refers to its location, in the Rio Negro Province of Argentina. Both genus and species were named and described by Argentine paleontologist Jaime Powell in 1987.

 The holotype of Aeolosaurus rionegrinus consists of a series of seven tail vertebrae, as well as parts of both forelimbs and the right hindlimb. It was discovered in the Angostura Colorada Formation in Argentina, which dates from the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, about 83 to 74 million years ago.

 Relationships among the many titanosaurian sauropods are hazy at best, but Aeolosaurus has been tentatively linked to a few other genera, based on features of the tail vertebrae, including Rinconsaurus and Adamantisaurus. Gondwanatitan and Aeolosaurus both exhibit neural spines on the tail vertebrae that point forwards, a feature not seen in any other known titanosaurians.

 The vertebrae from the middle part of its tail had elongated centra. Aeolosaurus had vertebral lateral fossae that resembled shallow depressions. Fossae that similarly resemble shallow depressions are known from Saltasaurus, Alamosaurus, Malawisaurus, and Gondwanatitan. Venenosaurus also had depression-like fossae, but its "depressions" penetrated deeper into the vertebrae, were divided into two chambers, and extend farther into the vertebral columns.

 Its middle tail vertebrae's neural spines angled anteriorly when the vertebrae are aligned. These vertebrae resemble those of Cedarosaurus, Venenosaurus, and Gondwanatitan.

 Another specimen, described in 1993, consists of five tail vertebrae, and some bones from the forelimb and pelvis. Since there are two right ulna (forearm) bones, the specimen must consist of at least two individuals. These bones were also associated with two osteoderms, or bony armor plates, providing evidence that this dinosaur was armored. This specimen is from the Allen Formation of Rio Negro, dating back about 70 to 68 million years ago to the middle Maastrichtian stage. While this specimen bears features that characterize the genus Aeolosaurus, it is from a younger time period and shows enough differences that the authors recognized it as a possible second species.

 Another partial skeleton, including four more tail vertebrae and material from both limbs on the left side of the body, was described in 1997. This was recovered from the Los Alamitos Formation of Rio Negro, which falls between the other two dates. This specimen was also referred to the genus Aeolosaurus, but not to the species A. rionegrinus, and may represent a third species.

 However, since the genus Aeolosaurus is not well known, the authors chose not to formally name either of these possible new species. For now, they are both simply known as "Aeolosaurus sp." Future discoveries may give scientists more information on variation within the genus, and show that all of the above specimens belong to A. rionegrinus, or that they merit being formally named.

 Another series of 15 tail vertebrae was assigned to Aeolosaurus in the original description, but it was later determined that the series does not belong to this genus, as it lacks several features found in the other specimens of Aeolosaurus.


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February 17th, 2015
09:54 pm
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Aegyptosaurus

 Египтозавр (Aegyptosaurus; букв. «ящер из Египта») — род травоядных динозавров из группы титанозавров, инфраотряда зауроподов, живший в конце мелового периода (альб и сеноман) около 95 миллионов лет назад, на территории нынешней Африки. Окаменелости четвероногого зауропода были найдены в Египте, Нигере и в различных местах пустыни Сахара. Вид описан Штормером в 1932 году. Всего известно около семи скелетов Aegyptosaurus.

 Соотношение костей плечевой кости к бедру - 0,78, локтевой к плечевой - 0,75, голени к бедру - 0,69.

 Всего известно около семи скелетов египтозавра.

 Египтозавры по строению тела очень похожи на гигантских динозавров - представителей титанозавридов - аргентинозавров. Вполне возможно, египтозавры являются потомками аргентонозавров. Это предположение основано также на гипотезе о существовании когда-то «моста» между континентами, по которому некоторые виды древних животных расселялись по всей суше.

 Aegyptosaurus /ˌɪptɵˈsɔrəs/ meaning 'Egypt’s lizard', for the country in which it was discovered (Greek sauros meaning 'lizard') is a genus of sauropod dinosaur believed to have lived in what is now Africa, around 95 million years ago, during the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period (Albian to Cenomanian stages). Like most sauropods, it had a long neck and a small skull. The animal's long tail probably acted as a counterweight to its body mass. Aegyptosaurus was a close relative of Argentinosaurus, a much larger dinosaur found in South America.

 Aegyptosaurus was described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1932. Its fossils have been found in Egypt, Niger and in several different locations in the Sahara Desert. All known examples were discovered before 1939. The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were obliterated when an Allied bombing raid destroyed the museum where they were kept in 1944, during World War II.

 It is possible that Aegyptosaurus was common prey for large predatory dinosaurs, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus.


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February 15th, 2015
06:12 pm
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Adamantisaurus

 Адамантизавр (Adamantisaurus) — род динозавров из группы титанозавров, инфраотряда завроподов, живших в позднем мелового периоде, на территории современной Южной Америки. Известен только по шести хвостовым позвонкам, но, так как этот ящер является завроподом, можно предположить, что этот динозавр был очень крупным животным с длинной шеей и хвостом. Точный внешний вид восстановить невозможно, пока не будет найден более полный материал.

 Как и все завроподы, это был крупный, четырехногий травоядный динозавр с длинными шеей и хвостом. До сих пор науке известны лишь 6 соединенных друг с другом передних хвостовых позвонков, а также 2 нижних гемапофиза (отростки хвостовых позвонков), которые были обнаружены в бразильском штате Сан-Паулу. Род Адамантизавр, представленный единственным видом Adamantisaurus mezzalirai, впервые был описан в 2006 году бразильскими палеонтологами Сантуччи (Santucci) и Бертини (Bertini).

 Родовое название «Adamantisaurus» указывает на принадлежность ископаемых останков динозавра к формации Адамантина (Adamantina). Видовое название «mezzalirai» дано в честь палеонтолога Серджио Меццалиры (Mezzalira), собравшего кости и оставившего первое упоминание о них в научной литературе. Таким образом, полное название «Adamantisaurus mezzalirai» может быть переведено на русский язык как «Адамантизавр Меццалиры».

 В момент обнаружения 6 хвостовых позвонков были анатомически связаны между собой. Предполагается, что это – ряд хвостовых позвонков со второго по седьмой. Позвонки сильно вогнуты с передней стороны. Они имеют несколько автапоморфий (отличительных признаков), позволяющих отделить этот род от других: так, например, направленные вверх отростки позвонков чуть отогнуты назад и имеют увеличенные с боков верхние концы; постзигапофизы и презигапофизы (механические элементы соединения позвонков) тоже имеют увеличенные поверхности сочленения, причем поверхность сочленения постзигапофизов вогнута.

 Эти позвонки еще в 1958 году, во время строительства железной дороги из Адамантины в Ирапуру, обнаружил палеонтолог Серджио Меццалира (Sergio Mezzalira) вместе с несколькими зубами титанозавров. Место находки расположено близ города Флорида-Паулиста на юго-западе штата Сан-Паулу и относится к геологической формации Адамантина (Adamantina formation), входящей в свиту пластов Бауру (Bauru). Точный возраст свиты Бауру до сих пор оспаривается, однако авторы первого описания адамантизавра предполагают, что кости относятся к слоям от позднего кампанского яруса до раннего маастрихта.

 Первоначально (в 1966, 1989 годах) Меццалира приписал одной и той же особи адамантизавра не только обнаруженные позвонки, но и бедренную кость, извлеченную строителями железной дороги из того же места, где позже нашлись и позвонки. Однако авторы первого научного описания посчитали, что эта кость принадлежала, вероятно, не этому адамантизавру, а другой особи, так как она, например, относительно мала по сравнению с позвонками и отличается от них по степени сохранности. Кроме того, в формации Адамантина часто встречаются места, в которых рядом обнаруживается сразу несколько видов, что позволяет предположить, что упомянутая бедренная кость могла принадлежать другому виду.

 Титанозавры (Titanosauria) — группа ящеротазовых динозавров инфраотряда зауроподов, живших в юрском и меловом периодах около 171—65,5 миллионов лет назад на всех континентах планеты, кроме Антарктиды. Являлись травоядными динозаврами, обладавшими длинными шеями и хвостами, и передвигавшиеся на четырёх ногах. В длину достигали до 35—40 метров и весили между 88 и 110 тоннами.

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