Сообщество, посвящённое ра - January 20th, 2013

January 20th, 2013

January 20th, 2013
02:54 pm
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Stokesosaurus

 Stokesosaurus (meaning "Stokes' lizard") is a genus of small (around three to four meters (10-13 ft) in length), carnivorous early tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the late Jurassic period of Utah.

 From 1960 onwards Utah geologist William Lee Stokes and his assistant James Madsen excavated thousands of disarticulated Allosaurus bones at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County, Utah. During the early seventies Madsen began to catalogue these finds in detail, discovering that some remains represented species new to science. In 1974 Madsen named and described the type species Stokesosaurus clevelandi. Its generic name honours Stokes. The specific name refers to the town of Cleveland, Utah.

 The holotype (UUVP 2938) was uncovered in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation dating from the early Tithonian stage, about 150 million years old. It consists of a left ilium or hip bone, belonging to a juvenile individual. Madsen also assigned a paratype, UUVP 2320, a 50% larger right ilium. Additionally he referred a right premaxilla, UUVP 2999. However, this was in 2005 referred to Tanycolagreus. Stokesosaurus and Tanycolagreus are about the same size, and it is possible that the latter is a junior synonym of the former. However, the ilium (the best and perhaps only known element of Stokesosaurus) of Tanycolagreus has never been recovered, making direct comparison difficult.

 In 1976 Peter Malcolm Galton considered Stokesosaurus to be a second species of the British possible early tyrannosauroid Iliosuchus, that he named as Iliosuchus clevelandi. This has found no acceptance among other researchers; in 1980 Galton himself withdrew his opinion.

 Some later finds were referred to Stokesosaurus. This included some ischia and tail vertebrae in 1991, and a partial braincase in 1998. Another, very small ilium referred to Stokesosaurus, found in South Dakota, is lost but may actually belong to the related Aviatyrannis. More fragmentary remains possibly referable to Stokesosaurus have been recovered from stratigraphic zone 2 of the Morrison Formation, dated to the late Kimmeridgian age, about 152 million years ago.

 A second species, Stokesosaurus langhami, was described by Roger Benson in 2008 based on a partial skeleton from England. However, further study showed that this species should be referred to a new genus, which was named Juratyrant in 2012. Benson and Stephen Brusatte concluded that not a single bone had been justifiably referred to Stokesosaurus, and that not even the paratype could be safely assigned, leaving the holotype ilium as the only known fossil of the taxon.

 The holotype ilium is twenty-two centimetres long, indicating a small individual. Madsen in 1974 estimated that the adult body length was about four metres. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated the length at 2.5 metres, the weight at sixty kilogrammes. In 2012 Benson and Brusatte established a single unique derived trait or autapomorphy of Stokesosaurus: the normally vertical ridge on the outer blade surface of the ilium, above the hip joint, was strongly inclined to the back and reached the upper rim of the blade.

 In 1974 Madsen assigned Stokesosaurus to the Tyrannosauridae. However, modern cladistic analyses indicate a more basal position. In 2012 the study by Brusatte and Benson recovered Stokesosaurus as a basal member of the Tyrannosauroidea, and closely related to Eotyrannus and Juratyrant.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2):

 

 

 

 

 

 Размеры тела в сравнении с человеком (ювенильные особи):

 

 

 

 Ископаемые останки (обозначены буквой B):

 

 

 

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TimeEvent
04:45 pm
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Supersaurus

 Суперзавр (Supersaurus vivianae) — гигантский завроподоморфный динозавр, останки известны из верхнего мела Колорадо (США). Название переводится как «сверхящер». Известен по нескольким рёбрам, лопатке, тазу, остаткам конечностей и позвонкам. Не исключено, что останки суперзавра принадлежат разным родам. Суперзавр достигал 33-34 метра в длину, весил около 35-40 тонн.

 Систематика этого таксона имеет длинную и сильно запутанную историю. Одновременно с костями суперзавра в 1970-х годах в США были обнаружены несколько других ископаемых костей, которые американский палеонтолог Джеймс Йенсен (James A. Jensen) хотел описать под названием Ultrasaurus macintoshi, о чем и сообщил коллегам (и это имя многими цитировалось, и в научной литературе, и в СМИ), но исследователь решил не делать скороспелого описания, а подождать новых находок. Затем в Корее нашли не совсем понятную кость завропода (исследователи приняли плечевую кость за бедро и преувеличили предполагаемые размеры всего динозавра) и описали её, как принадлежащую к новому виду ультразавра (Ultrasaurus tabriensis Kim, 1983) из семейства диплодоцид.

 Почти одновременно с этой находкой (1985 г.) Йенсеном были описаны три новых вида завроподов: Supersaurus vivianae, Dystylosaurus edwini и Ultrasaurus macintoshi. Палеонтолог Ольшевский заметил, что под одним названием цитируются два разных вида динозавра и в 1991 году переименовал американский вид в Ultrasauros, изменив одну букву, чтобы не было путаницы с корейским видом.

 Потом, оказалось, что американский Ultrasauros — не самостоятельный вид, а сборная химера из костей нескольких различных видов завропод, и его кости, на самом деле, принадлежат суперзавру. Согласно Международному кодексу зоологической номенклатуры, то есть строго по науке, имя UltrasaurUs является nomen nudum (у этого наименования нет строго научного описания и оно может быть позже тоже синонимизировано с другим близким родом), помимо этого, ультразавр является другим таксоном, который не имеет к суперзавроу никакого отношения.

 Суперзавр, как и большинство своих родственников, обитал вблизи водоёмов. Питался болотной растительностью.

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 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Размеры тела в сравнении с человеком и другими гигантскими завроподами (закрашен оранжевым):

 

 

 

 

 

 Ископаемые останки и реплики (1, 2, 3, 4, 5):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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TimeEvent
05:31 pm
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Suuwassea

 Suuwassea (meaning "ancient thunder") is a genus of diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur found in the Upper Jurassic strata of the Morrison Formation, located in southern Carbon County, Montana, USA. The fossil remains were recovered in a series of expeditions during a period spanning the years 1999 and 2000, described by J.D. Harris and Peter Dodson in 2004. They consist of a disarticulated but associated partial skeleton, including partial vertebral series and limb bones.

 Since the fossil was found in an ancestral territory of the Native American Crow tribe, the etymology of the generic name is derived from a term in their language, suuwassa, “the first thunder heard in Spring”. The root suu, meaning “thunder” and wassa, “ancient”, are a nod to the “thunder lizard” moniker often applied to sauropods. The specific descriptor honours the deceased sponsor of the expeditions that recovered the fossil.

 Suuwassea is a basal diplodocoid, estimated to have been 14 to 15 meters long (46 to 49 ft), characterized by skull and axial skeleton features it shares with Diplodocidae and Dicraeosauridae though it is too primitive to pertain to any of the latter clades. The herbivore differs from dicraeosaurids in the unfused state of the frontal, and from diplodocids in the arrangement of bones around the foramen magnum, though it possesses a greater number of similarities with the latter than with clade Dicraeosauridae.

 S. emilieae’s find is concurrent with other finds of medium-sized sauropods in Morrison Formation’s northern section contrary to the finds of large animals in the southern reaches. This size difference was possibly due to new environments created as the Middle Jurassic Sundance Sea retreated northward. This sauropod’s phylogenetic analysis puts in doubt a number of autapomorphic characters of both Diplodocidae and Dicraeosauridae, opening the possibility that these are plesiomorphies differentially retained by each family. The presence of dicraeosaurid characters on a Laurasian diplodocoid also raises the question of the origin and distribution of a purported ancestral diplodocoid: Laurasia, Gondwana, or both.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2):

 

 

 

 

 Ископаемые останки и реплики (1, 2, 3, 4, 5):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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