Газозавр (Gasosaurus; буквально «газовый ящер») — род хищных ящеротазовых динозавров, относящихся к группе Avetheropoda, живших в среднеюрском периоде (около 165—160 млн лет. д.н. э.) на территории нынешней провинции Сычуань в Китае. Представлен единственным видом - Gasosaurus constructus.
Имел большой череп и сильные задние конечности. Длина не превышала 4-х метров. Предположительно, был плотоядным. Название «газозавр» или «газовый ящер» было дано ящеру китайским ученым Ци-минг Донгом — в честь газолиновой компании Dashanpu, рабочие которой обнаружили окаменелые останки.
Определенного мнения к какой группе принадлежит данный динозавр нет. Разные ученые относили его как к семейству Megalosauridae, так и к целурозаврам. В результате последних исследований Holtz (2004) отнес его к группе Avetheropoda.
Gasosaurus (Chinese: 气龙属) was a tetanurandinosaur discovered in Dashanpu, China. The scientific name, meaning "Gas Lizard", honours the gasoline company that found the Dashanpu fossil quarry in Sichuan Province, now named as the Lower Shaximiao Formation. It had strong legs but short arms, and like most theropods, it was a carnivore. It measured between 3.5 to 4 metres (11 to 13 ft) in length, with a weight of around 150 kilograms (330 lb), placing it in the midrange of theropods by size. However, some estimates put its weight as high as 400 kilograms (880 lb), as very little is known about this dinosaur. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period (Bathonian and/ or Callovian stages), around 164 million years ago.
The first and to date only fossils, albeit postcranial (missing the skull), were recovered in 1985 during the construction of a gas facility, which explains the dinosaur's unusual name. The fossils were defined as the type speciesGasosaurus constructus by the paleontologistsDong Zhiming and Tang Zilu. There have still been very few fossils retrieved, so exact details are unknown. Specifically, no skull has been found. Some paleontologists have speculated that Gasosaurus and Kaijiangosaurus may be one and the same species. Traditionally thought to be a megalosauroid, Holtz (2000) found it to be a basal coelurosaurian, although later Holtz et al. (2004) suggested it was a basal carnosaur (possibly a sinraptorid) on the basis of data from undescribed specimens. It may in fact be the most basal coelurosaurian yet known, or may even be close to the common ancestor of the two groups; in any case, it represents one of the oldest definitive tetanuran theropods.
The first fossil was found in 1985 by Ouyang Hui at Pengtang near Jinquan and was reported upon in 1986 by Gao Ruiqi and colleagues, mistaking it for a specimen of Tuojiangosaurus. The type species, Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, was described and named by Ouyang in 1992 in an abstract of a lecture. The generic name is derived from Latingigas or giganteus, "enormous", and spina, "spine", in reference to the gigantic shoulder spines. The specific name refers to Sichuan.
The name was generally considered a nomen nudum in the West, until in 2006 it was disclosed that the abstract contained a sufficient description. Despite its uncertain nomenclatural status, images of Gigantspinosaurus had appeared in several sources. Public awareness of this animal was increased in early 2006 when Tracy Ford, considering it a validly established taxon, published a short article on reconstructing it. Ford suggested that earlier reconstructions of Gigantspinosaurus attached the shoulder spines upside-down, and his new reconstruction shows the spine extending somewhat upwards, ending higher than the top of the animal's back. Susannah Maidment and Wei Guangbiao in 2006 concluded that G. sichuanensis was a valid taxon in their review of Late Jurassic Chinese stegosaurs, but did not redescribe it because at that time it was under study by Zigong Dinosaur Museum staff. In fact, a Chinese redescription by Peng Guangzhao and colleagues in 2005 would predate Maidment's publication.
The holotype, ZDM 0019, was found in layers of the Upper Shaximiao Formation of Zigong (Sichuan province), which date to the Oxfordian. It consists of a partial skeleton of a probably subadult individual missing the skull (though the lower jaws are present), hind feet, and the tail end. Apart from skeletal elements also plates, spines and scutes have been found. At the left shoulder an impression of the skin had been preserved. The specimen is part of the collection of the Zigong Dinosaur Museum and has as a mounted restored skeleton been on display since 1996. In 2005 Peng e.a. reported a second specimen, ZDM 0156, a pelvis found at Chenjia near Fuquan.
Gigantspinosaurus was described by Peng and colleagues as a "medium-sized stegosaur". It was estimated by Gregory S. Paul in 2010 to have been about 4.2 metres (14 ft) long and 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) in weight. Gigantspinosaurus has a distinctive appearance with relatively small dorsal plates and greatly enlarged shoulder spines, spinae parascapulares, twice the length of the shoulder blades on which they rested via large flat bases. The plates on the neck are small and triangular. The head must have been relatively large with thirty teeth in each lower jaw. The hips are very broad and the low neural spines of the four sacral vertebrae and the first tail vertebra have been fused into a single plate. The forelimbs are robust.
The skin impressions were described by Xing Lida and colleagues in 2008. They cover a surface of 414 square centimetres (64.2 sq in) and show rosettes with a central pentagonal or hexagonal scale surrounded by thirteen to fourteen ridged smaller square, pentagonal or hexagonal scales with a diameter of 5.7 to 9.2 millimetres (0.22 to 0.36 in).
A study by Maidment indicated that Gigantspinosaurus is the most basal known member of the Stegosauria. Peng and colleagues, however, placed it in the Huayangosaurinae.
В отдельный род выделен Дж. Ольшевским в 1991 г., но это выделение не получило широкого признания и чаще новый род рассматривается в качестве синонима рода Brachiosaurus.
Выделение рода жираффатитан обусловлено отличиями в строении черепа и скелета. От брахиозавра отличается также относительно лёгким телосложением. При длине около 25 метров весил лишь 15—30 тонн. Высота могла превышать 15 метров, но по современным данным, брахиозавры не могли держать шею вертикально. Таким образом, реальная высота головы над землёй была меньше. Высота в плечах у крупных особей составляла около 7 метров. В отличие от американского брахиозавра, известен по многочисленным скелетам разного размера (вёл стадный образ жизни). Характерен для нижних и средних слоёв отложений Тендагуру. Вероятно, питался листвой деревьев. Гребень на черепе выше, чем у американского вида, мог служить для терморегуляции или вокализации (на гребне могли быть закреплены кожистые голосовые мешки). Вряд ли умел хорошо плавать (как показано на старых реконструкциях) ввиду неуклюжести жирафоподобного телосложения и узких подошв стоп и кистей. В целом известен лучше, чем американский вид, часто изображается под названием «брахиозавр».
Giraffatitan was a sauropod, one of a group of four-legged, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails and relatively small brains. It had a giraffe-like build, with long forelimbs and a very long neck. The skull had a tall arch anterior to the eyes, consisting of the bony nares, a number of other openings, and "spatulate" teeth (resembling chisels). The first toe on its front foot and the first three toes on its hind feet were clawed.
Traditionally, the distinctive high-crested skull has been seen as a characteristic of the genus Brachiosaurus to which Giraffatitan brancai was originally referred, but because within the traditional Brachiosaurus material it is known only from Tanzanian specimens now assigned to Giraffatitan, it is possible that Brachiosaurus altithorax did not show this feature.
For many decades, Giraffatitan was claimed to be the largest dinosaur known, (ignoring the possibly larger but lost Amphicoelias) but in the later part of the 20th century several giant titanosaurians (Argentinosaurus, Puertasaurus and Futalognkosaurus) appear to have surpassed Giraffatitan in terms of sheer mass. However, Giraffatitan, along with Brachiosaurus are still the largest dinosaurs known from relatively complete material.
All size estimates for Giraffatitan are based on the specimen HMN SII, a subadult individual between 21.8–22.5 metres (72–74 ft) in length. Mass estimates are more problematic and historically have varied from as little as 15 tonnes (17 short tons) to as much as 78 tonnes (86 short tons). These extreme estimates are now considered unlikely due to flawed methodologies. More recent estimates based on models reconstructed from bone volume measurements, which take into account the extensive, weight-reducing air sac systems present in sauropods, and estimated muscle mass, are in the range of 23–37 tonnes (25–41 short tons). However, HMN SII is not the largest specimen known (an assertion suported by its subadult status) but HMN XV2, represented by a tibia 13% larger than the corresponding material on HMN SII, which might have attained 26 metres (85 ft) in length.
Like other sauropods, Giraffatitan had a relatively small brain, when its massive body size is taken into account, of about 300 cm³. A 2009 study calculated its brain-to-body mass ratio (a rough estimate of possible intelligence) at a low 0.62 or 0.79, depending on the size estimate used. Giraffatitan is also similar to other sauropods in having an enlargement of the spinal cord above the hips, which some older sources misleadingly referred to as a "second brain".
The placement of Giraffatitan nostrils has been the source of much debate with Witmer (2001) describing in Science the hypothesized position of the fleshy nostrils in Giraffatitan in as many as five possible locations.
There has also been the hypothesis of various sauropods, such as Giraffatitan, possessing a trunk. The fact that there were no narrow-snouted sauropods (Giraffatitan included) tends to discredit such a hypothesis. Stronger evidence for the absence of a trunk is found in the teeth wear of Giraffatitan, which shows the kind of wear that would result from biting and tearing off of plant matter rather than purely grinding, which would be the result of having already ripped the leaves and branches off with its trunk.
If Giraffatitan was endothermic (warm-blooded), it would have taken an estimated ten years to reach full size, if it were instead poikilothermic (cold-blooded), then it would have required over 100 years to reach full size. As a warm-blooded animal, the daily energy demands of Giraffatitan would have been enormous; it would probably have needed to eat more than ~182 kg (400 lb) of food per day. If Giraffatitan was fully cold-blooded or was a passive bulk endotherm, it would have needed far less food to meet its daily energy needs. Some scientists have proposed that large dinosaurs like Giraffatitan were gigantotherms.
The nostrils of Giraffatitan, like the huge corresponding nasal openings in its skull, were long thought to be located on the top of the head. In past decades, scientists theorized that the animal used its nostrils like a snorkel, spending most of its time submerged in water in order to support its great mass. The current consensus view, however, is that Giraffatitan was a fully terrestrial animal. Studies have demonstrated that water pressure would have prevented the animal from breathing effectively while submerged and that its feet were too narrow for efficient aquatic use. Furthermore, new studies by Lawrence Witmer (2001) show that, while the nasal openings in the skull were placed high above the eyes, the nostrils would still have been close to the tip of the snout (a study which also lends support to the idea that the tall "crests" of brachiosaurs supported some sort of fleshy resonating chamber).
Гуанлонг (Guanlong; 五彩冠龍 — произносится как «Гуаньлун»; букв. «увенчанный короной дракон») — род хищных ящеротазовых динозавров надсемейства тираннозавровых, живших в позднем юрском периоде (около 161—159 млн лет назад) на территории нынешней провинции Синьцзян в Китае. Один из самых древних представителей надсемейства, включающий единственный вид — Guanlong wucaii.
Возраст находки около 160 млн лет (Юрский период), что на 92 млн лет раньше появления более известных его родственников, таких как Tyrannosaurus. Обнаружен экспедицией палеонтологов из George Washington University в 2000 году в Китае, в провинции Синьцзян и описан в 2006 году как новый вид и род.
Длина около 3 метров. Найдено два скелета. Этот двуногий теропод разделяет много общих черт с его тираннозавровыми потомками, и также имел некоторые необычные признаки, подобно большому гребню на его голове. В отличие от более поздних тиранозавров, Guanlong имел три длинных пальца на передних конечностях. Это напоминает его близкого родственника Dilong, и подобно Dilong, гуанлонги, возможно, имели оперение из примитивных перьев.
At present, Guanlong is known from two specimens. The holotype (IVPP V14531) is a reasonably complete, partially articulated adult skeleton. Another, immature specimen is known from fully articulated and nearly complete remains. The crest on the skull of the immature specimen is notably smaller and restricted to the forward portion of the snout, while the adult has a larger and more extensive crest. The crests of both specimens are thin, delicate structures that likely served as display organs.
Три первые подобные выемки глубиной один–два метра были обнаружены около десяти лет назад в китайской провинции Синьцзян. В них находились практически полные скелеты нескольких маленьких тероподов — предков тираннозавров, в том числе гуанлунга (известен наростом на голове, напоминающим ирокез) и лимузавра.
Находка произвела сенсацию, так как целые скелеты тероподов встречаются очень редко (мелкие динозавры обычно попадались под ноги более крупным родичам).
Но что привело к образованию подобных «братских могил»? Канадский геолог Дэвид Эберт из Королевского музея Тиррелла наконец показал, что ямы были наполнены водой и грязью из вулканического аргиллита и песчаника. «Все геологические данные свидетельствуют о том, что мы имеем дело с осадочными породами, которые первоначально были растворены в жидкости, — подчеркивает ученый. — Это были не просто дыры в почве».
Когда-то пустыня Гоби, в которой и были найдены останки динозавров, представляла собой богатую водоемами и частично заболоченную местность. В конце юрского периода извержения вулканов засыпали регион огромным количеством пепла. Над водными карманами образовалась полутвердая поверхность, которую гиганты вроде маменчизавров пробивали без труда, и яма быстро заполнялась жидкой грязью, превращаясь в невидимую ловушку для более мелких видов. Тероподов, масса тела которых составляла всего 18–22,5 кг, застывший верхний слой вулканического мусора выдерживал без труда, но стоило животным попасть в яму, выбраться они уже не могли. Не в последнюю очередь из-за того, что для передвижения использовали только задние конечности. Четвероногие особи, скорее всего, могли спастись. Кроме того, по мнению некоторых палеонтологов, тероподы к тому времени были покрыты перьями, что еще больше снижало их шансы на выживание.
Постепенно яма наполнялась погибшими животными и переставала служить ловушкой.