Сообщество, посвящённое ра Below are the 20 most recent journal entries recorded in the "Сообщество, посвящённое ра" journal:

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May 19th, 2013
04:29 pm
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Mawsonia

 Mawsonia is an extinct genus of prehistoric coelacanth fish, and the largest of this group, up to several metres long.

 It lived during the Cretaceous period (Albian stage, about 99 to 112 million years ago). Fossils have been found in Africa and South America. Mawsonia was first described by British palaeontologist Arthur Smith Woodward in 1907.

 Six species of this Early Cretaceous coelacanth have been unearthed in South America and Africa. The largest of all Coelacanths were over three meters long. However, most fossil remains include only the skull or some portion thereof, making this the only complete specimen of Mawsonia in the world.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4):

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                            В верхнем левом углу

 

 

 

 

 Ископаемые останки (1, 2, 3):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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04:06 pm
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Macropoma

 Macropoma (meaning big apple or large fruit) is an extinct genus of coelacanth in the class Sarcopterygii. These fishes have apparently been extinct for over 70 million years and are most closely related to the modern coelacanth Latimeria.

 Fossils of Macropoma have been found in both England and Czechoslovakia. Recorded fossils have bodies under two feet in length. A modern coelacanth measures five or more, but in other respects the two genera are remarkably similar, and share the same body plan with a three-lobed tail and stalked fins.

 Macropoma grew to a length of 22 inches (55 centimeters) and would have preyed upon smaller aquatic species.

 

 

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April 4th, 2012
07:27 pm
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Ceratodus

 Ceratodus (Greek for "horned tooth") was a wide-ranging genus of extinct sarcopterygiian lungfish. Fossil evidence dates back to the Middle Triassic 228 million years ago. A wide range of fossil species from different time periods have been found around the world in places such as the United States, Argentina, England, Germany, Egypt, Madagascar, China, and Australia. Ceratodus is believed to have become extinct sometime around the beginning of the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, 70 Ma. The closest living relative of Ceratodus is thought to be the Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, which means "new Ceratodus" in Greek.

 

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 Ископаемые останки (1, 2, 3):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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December 14th, 2011
07:44 pm
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Chinlea

 Chinlea is an extinct genus of Triassic lobe-finned fish found in the Southwestern United States states of Arizona and New Mexico.

 

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October 23rd, 2011
12:51 pm
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Ectosteorhachis

 Ectosteorhachis is a genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish which lived during the Permian period (Cisuralian epoch, about 270 to 299 million years ago). It belonged to the group of Osteolepiformes and to the family of Osteolepidae. Ectosteorhachis lived in fresh waters.

 

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12:39 pm
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Coelacanthus

 Coelacanthus ("Hollow Spine") is a genus of extinct coelacanths that first appearing during the Permian period. In fact, this was the first genus of coelacanths ever described, as the order Coelacanthiformes is named after it.

 They bear a superficial similarity to the living Latimeria, though they were smaller, and had more elongated heads. Individuals grew up to 3 feet in length, and had small lobed fins, suggesting that Coelacanthus were open-water predators.

 Coelacanthus was a long-lived genus with a worldwide distribution. They survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and eventually died out during the Upper Jurassic, around 145 million years ago.

 

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October 2nd, 2011
04:30 pm
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Rhizodus

 Rhizodus is an extinct genus of a rhizodont, a branch of the Sarcopterygii, the bony vertebrate clade that also includes tetrapods.

 Rhizodus hibberti! Считают , что это крупнейшея пресноводная рыба с зубами как у Тирекса. Найдена в Шотландии, находке 300млн лет, она могла весить до 2 тонн. Been hunting Coal-Age predators in Scotland.

 My oh my! I've been in the UK for two weeks - sorry for not keeping up with any new updates. I really have to start investing in some serious internet time or wireless when I'm on the road, otherwise the content of this site (and consequently the visitors) tapers off rather quickly! So, here's what's been up:

 I started my trip in Glasgow, where I met up with fellow old-dead-fish-worker, Jon Jeffery. Jon and I are some of the few folks who work on a group of big dead fish known as rhizodontids. Rhizodontids were enormous predators that were the ecological equivalent of a water-borned T. rex. Some taxa, such as Rhizodus hibberti from the Scottish coal measures reached up to 7 or 8 meters in length! Their teeth (see below) were nearly as large as those of a medium-sized tyrannosaur and looked much the same, too!

 Jon and I are working on a couple papers that describe the anatomy of these fish. Despite their often enormous size, rhizodonts had much trouble 'keeping things together' after death. As a consequence, they've offered a considerable mystery to palaeontologists for more than a century. It was clear, upon the discovery of the first complete fins of rhizodonts (T.H. Huxley was the first to point this out) that they were closely related to tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates including ourselves), because they showed a distinct humerus, radius, and ulna in their fins - just like our own limbs! However, the largely incomplete nature of their remains have made it rather unlcear just how they're related to tetrapods. Thus, there are a few of us who have dedicated quite a bit of time to pulling open dusty museum cabinets and trying to pull together as much as these animals as we can. So, I spent much of the last two weeks doing just that. A number of "hidden treasures" were uncovered, but I cannot disclose much about them right now.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 7 - 8 метров в длину, однако. Не хрен собачий:

 

  

 

 

 

 Ископаемые останки (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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September 28th, 2011
08:25 pm
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Ventastega

 Ventastega was a basal tetrapod that lived during the Famennian subdivision of the Late Devonian period approximately 374.5 to 359.2 million years ago, though Ventastega origins as a tetrapod lineage are probably seated in the preceding Frasnian period of the Late Devonian (385.3 to 374.5 million years ago) when a surge of morphological diversification of tetrapods began. Ventastega is one of the earliest Devonian tetrapods yet discovered. Given two preferred orientations of the bones and the geological context in which Ventastega was found suggests a tidal-sea influence. However, like Tiktaalik, Ventastega was probably more aquatic than terrestrial.

 Per Ahlberg, a professor of evolutionary biology at Uppsala University in Sweden reported in Nature that limbs, not fins were attached to Ventastega; this inference is based on the anatomy of key parts of its pelvis and its shoulders. The fossils reported were found in what is now western Latvia, Kurzeme/Courland peninsula. They are 365 million years old. A skull, shoulders, and part of the pelvis of the Ventastega curonica were found. They indicate it was more tetrapod than fish and looked similar to a small alligator. The discovery contributes to the understanding of the evolutionary transition from fish to tetrapods, the animals with four limbs, whose descendents include amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs and birds, and mammals).

 Шведские палеонтологи из университета Упсалы (Uppsala Universitet) под руководством профессора Пера Алберга (Per Ahlberg) обнародовали результаты исследования окаменелых останков древнего существа. Учёные показали, что это — ещё одно недостающее звено между рыбами и четвероногими, вышедшими на сушу.

 Останки были обнаружены на территории современной Латвии в далёком 1994 году, но, как известно, "спешка нужна при ловле блох", вот учёные особо и не торопились с выводами. Хлопотное это дело – восстанавливать скелеты и внешность древних животных.

 В статье, опубликованной в журнале Nature, новый вид обозначили как Ventastega curonica.

 Известно, что тетраподы, как и первые ходившие по земле позвоночные, являются потомками рыб, которые начали эволюционировать в "сухопутную версию" примерно 370-380 миллионов лет назад.

 Однако, несмотря на то что было найдено много окаменелостей того периода, все они были настолько отличны друг от друга, что учёным не удавалось восстановить картину эволюции полностью.

 В 2006 году ситуация несколько изменилась: были обнаружены останки Tiktaalik Roseae, фактически являвшегося прямым "переходом" между сухопутными и подводными тварями. У этого животного уже можно было наблюдать не сдвоенные плавники, а раздельные конечности.

 Теперь найдено ещё одно звено ветви.

 От этого древнего водного обитателя (авторы работы в шутку называют его fishapod, от английских слов fish и tetrapod) сохранились только череп, плечи и часть тазовых костей. Возраст находки оценивается в 365 миллионов лет, то есть она будет помладше описанного ранее Tiktaalik Roseae.

 Ventastega curonica, в отличие от Tiktaalik, был больше похож на четвероногих животных, чем на рыбу. Ему уже было некомфортно в воде, но и на суше он чувствовал себя не в своей тарелке. Однако у него уже проявлялись некоторые адаптационные механизмы, способствовавшие его тяге к земле.

 Костей "ног" обнаружено не было, но строение позвоночника и таза позволяет предположить — они всё же были.

 И хотя Алберг считает, что этот рыбоподобный предок четвероногих является "тупиком" эволюции, тем не менее это исследование важно для палеонтологов всего мира.

 Поясним: ранее учёные подразделяли первых четвероногих на Acanthostega и Ichthyostega. Оба вида этих существ жили в позднем девоне. Были ли первые тетраподы схожи с кем-либо из них — науке не известно. Но теперь к двум первым "примерам" добавляется третий: Ventastega, который больше всех отличается от ихтиостеги.

 "Из этого мы делаем предположение, что Ichthyostega — своего рода ответвление эволюции ранних четвероногих, в то время как два других более близки к основному "древу", — говорит Алберг.

 Впрочем, сколько бы ещё таких звеньев ни обнаружили палеонтологи, их по-прежнему будет волновать вопрос: что стало толчком для появления конечностей вместо плавников? Возможно, Ventastega жили на мелководье и постепенно были вынуждены больше шагать, чем плавать?

 Переход из воды на сушу произошел в конце девонского периода, между 360 и 380 миллионами лет назад, и потребовал множества изменений в строении организм рыб. Выявлением и восстановлением хронологии этих событий палеонтологи уже и занимаются порядка двадцати с лишним лет. К сожалению, скудность и фрагментарность ископаемых свидетельств до сих пор не позволяют поставить точку в этом вопросе.

 Вид ископаемого животного, впервые открытый в 1994 году и названный Ventastega curonica, был заново описан в работе Пера Альберга из Университета Упсалы в Швеции и его коллег. Обнаруженный набор окаменелостей наверняка может считаться на сегодняшний день лучшим образцом одной из самых ранних переходных форм от морских обитателей к сухопутным. Ученым достался череп с хорошо сохранившейся черепной коробкой, часть плечевого пояса и тазового сустава, которые позволяют провести достаточно достоверную реконструкцию всего скелета животного.

 Ventastega curonica представлял собой животное, достигавшее от одного до трех метров в длину, обладал выраженными конечностями, которые, судя по строению плечевого пояса, заканчивались отдельными пальцами. Случайно встретив это животное на мелководье, человек наверняка смог бы принять его за крокодила, однако, сохранив спокойствие и присмотревшись как следует, увидел бы спинной плавник, который все еще сохранился у этого вида тетраподов.

 По мнению ученых, полученный образец заполняет собой эволюционную брешь вслед за семейством лопастеперых рыб Tiktaalik roseae.

 Останки этого вида рыб, живших примерно 385 миллионов лет назад, говорят о том, что они имели четыре конечности, заканчивающиеся плавниками; вероятно, эти плавники помогали ранним предкам четвероногих передвигаться по болотам или мелководью. Следующей за Ventastega ступенью развития является род Acanthostega, имеющий более выраженные конечности, заканчивающиеся пальцами. Эти тетраподы уже были способны к полноценной ходьбе по суше.

 Ventastega и Acanthostega жили примерно в одно и то же время — 365 миллионов лет назад, однако в отличие от более прогрессивного вида Acanthostega Ventastega имеет ряд весьма примитивных признаков. Например, подобающее ящерам строение нижней челюсти дополнено свойственным рыбам строением зубов. Многие другие детали строения черепа Ventastega, такие как менее выраженное, чем у Acanthostega, увеличение размера глаз и носа по сравнению с рыбами и лишь намеченное сужение черепа, позволяют ученым отнести этот вид к одной из тупиковых ветвей развития четвероногих обитателей суши.

 Кроме того, к этому времени Земля знала еще несколько видов переходных звеньев между рыбами и земноводными, обладающих иными, более развитыми чертами строения тела. А значит, разделение тетраподов на классы и порядки могло начаться уже на стадии выхода рыб на сушу — гораздо раньше, чем прежде предполагали ученые.

 Многие специалисты, среди которых и Нейл Шубин, биолог из Чикагского университета, помогавший описать вид Tiktaalik roseae, уже сошлись во мнении, что данная работа ученых ценна именно тем, что позволяет лучше понять взаимосвязь и последовательность различных эволюционных переходов.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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08:00 pm
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Tiktaalik

 Тиктаалик (Tiktaalik) — род ископаемых лопастепёрых рыб из позднего девона, имевших много общих черт с четвероногими. Название происходит от слова «налим» на языке инуктитут. Ископаемые останки были обнаружены в 2004 году на острове Элсмир (терр. Нунавут, север Канады).

 Тиктаалик является переходным звеном между рыбами и наземными позвоночными. В его строении сочетаются черты и тех, и других.

  Признаки, свойственные рыбам:

  Признаки с промежуточным состоянием:

  • Строение костей и суставов конечностей, в том числе функциональный кистевой сустав, свойственный четвероногим, при наличии плавников
  • Строение уха

  Признаки, традиционно приписываемые четвероногим:

 Tiktaalik lived approximately 375 million years ago. Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") such as Panderichthys, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive "fish" and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to characterize Tiktaalik as a "fishapod".

 The name Tiktaalik is an Inuktitut word meaning "burbot", a freshwater fish related to true cod. The "fishapod" genus received this name after a suggestion by Inuit elders of Canada's Nunavut Territory, where the fossil was discovered. The specific name roseae cryptically honours an anonymous donor.

 Tetrapod footprints found in Poland and reported in Nature in January 2010 were "securely dated" at 10 million years older than the oldest known elpistostegids (of which Tiktaalik is an example) implying that animals like Tiktaalik were "late-surviving relics" possessing features that actually evolved around 400 million years ago.

 Tiktaalik provides insights on the features of the extinct closest relatives of the tetrapods. Unlike many previous, more fishlike transitional fossils, Tiktaalik's "fins" have basic wrist bones and simple rays reminiscent of fingers. The homology of these is uncertain; there have been suggestions that they are homologous to digits, although this is incompatible with the digital arch developmental model because digits are supposed to be postaxial structures, and only three of the (reconstructed) eight rays of Tiktaalik are post-axial. They may have been weight bearing. Close examination of the joints show that although they probably were not used to walk, they were more than likely used to prop up the creature’s body, push up fashion. The bones of the fore fins show large muscle facets, suggesting that the fin was both muscular and had the ability to flex like a wrist joint. These wrist-like features would have helped anchor the creature to the bottom in fast moving current.

 Also notable are the spiracles on the top of the head, which suggest the creature had primitive lungs as well as gills. This would have been useful in shallow water, where higher water temperature would lower oxygen content. This development may have led to the evolution of a more robust ribcage, a key evolutionary trait of land living creatures. The more robust ribcage of Tiktaalik would have helped support the animal’s body any time it ventured outside a fully aquatic habitat. Tiktaalik also lacked a characteristic that most fishes have—bony plates in the gill area that restrict lateral head movement. This makes Tiktaalik the earliest known fish to have a neck, with the pectoral girdle separate from the skull. This would give the creature more freedom in hunting prey either on land or in the shallows

 Tiktaalik generally had the characteristics of a lobe-finned fish, but with front fins featuring arm-like skeletal structures more akin to a crocodile, including a shoulder, elbow, and wrist. The fossil discovered in 2004 did not include the rear fins and tail. It had rows of sharp teeth of a predator fish, and its neck was able to move independently of its body, which is not possible in other fish. The animal also had a flat skull resembling a crocodile's; eyes on top of its head, suggesting it spent a lot of time looking up; a neck and ribs similar to those of tetrapods, with the latter being used to support its body and aid in breathing via lungs; well developed jaws suitable for catching prey; and a small gill slit called a spiracle that, in more derived animals, became an ear.

 The fossils were found in the "Fram Formation", deposits of meandering stream systems near the Devonian equator, suggesting a benthic animal that lived on the bottom of shallow waters and perhaps even out of the water for short periods, with a skeleton indicating that it could support its body under the force of gravity whether in very shallow water or on land. At that period, for the first time, deciduous plants were flourishing and annually shedding leaves into the water, attracting small prey into warm oxygen-poor shallows that were difficult for larger fish to swim in. The discoverers said that in all likelihood, Tiktaalik flexed its proto-limbs primarily on the floor of streams and may have pulled itself onto the shore for brief periods. Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler, the leaders of the team, have been searching Ellesmere Island for fossils since 1999.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3, 4, 5):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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07:55 pm
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Strunius

 Strunius is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Devonian period of Germany.

 Although it was a lobe-finned fish Strunius's fins were supported by fin rays, which are more associated with ray-finned fish. However, its skull was composed of two articulating halves, a feature characteristic of the lobe-finned rhipidistians. The skull was also divided by a deep articulation, with both halves probably connected by a large muscle, increasing the power of the bite. The same system is seen in coelacanths and the better-known Eusthenopteron.

 Compared to other lobe-finned fishes, Strunius had a rather short, stubby body, and was just 10 centimetres (4 in) long. It was covered in large, round, bony scales, and probably fed on other fishes.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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07:33 pm
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Scaumenacia

 Scaumenacia is an extinct genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian, or lobe-finned fish.

 Named after Scaumenac Bay (Baie d’Escuminac), the dipnoan fish Scaumenacia curta is the second most abundant sarcopterygian in the fossiliferous Escuminac Formation after Eusthenopteron foordi. Due to the large number of specimens, often complete, this species is one of the best known of all extinct dipnoi.

 The species is represented by individuals of all sizes, ranging from young fish barely 1 cm long, to adults of 65 cm. This great range means that paleontologists can accurately reconstruct its entire growth sequence. The upper and lower dental plates of Scaumenacia are also well studied and display only slight variations in their pattern.

 The conditions for fossil preservation at Miguasha were favourable to Scaumenacia. For example, many skulls were preserved in three dimensions and show the complex pattern of the skull bones. In addition, some specimens were found with their meals still visible in the abdominal cavity. These stomach contents revealed a clear preference for Asmusia, a small crustacean protected by two shells. One such specimen, nicknamed La grande bouffe (a French reference to its enormous meal), had swallowed thousands before its death.

 Scaumenacia curta was capable of powerful acceleration, as demonstrated by the extreme length of its back fins: the second dorsal fin, epicercal caudal fin, and anal and pelvic fins all form an immense fan. The first dorsal fin consists of very short rays, but it only occupies a quarter of the animal’s body length. The paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) display an elongated, streamlined form. And rare for a fossil fish of this period, it had well-developed, ossified ribs.

 One of the fossiliferous rocks preserved at the museum contains 14 Scaumenacia specimens, all about the same length, suggesting that the species was gregarious, at least during some parts of its life.

 With its large, rounded scales, its stocky body and short snout, Scaumenacia’s physiognomy is in some ways reminiscent of its distant descendant Neoceratodus, Australia’s living lungfish.

 

 Репродукции (1, 2, 3):

 

 

 

 

 

 

                   В левом нижнем углу.

 

 Ископаемые останки (1, 2, 3, 4):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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06:17 pm
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Rhinodipterus

 Rhinodipterus is an extinct genus of prehistoric dipnoan sarcopterygian or lobe-finned fish, that lived in the Devonian Period, between 416 and 359 million years ago. It is believed to have inhabited shallow, salt-water reefs, and is one of the earliest known examples of marine lungfish. Research published in 2010 based on an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from the Gogo Formation of Australia has shown that Rhinodipterus has cranial ribs attached to its braincase and was probably adapted for air-breathing to some degree. This could be the only case known for a marine lungfish with air-breathing adpatations.

 Первые органы, с помощью которых двоякодышащие рыбы получали кислород из атмосферы, появились из-за глобального снижения его количества в атмосфере, а не из-за опреснения водоемов, как считалось ранее, сообщают австралийские ученые в работе, опубликованной в электронной версии журнала Biology Letters. Останки двоякодышащих рыб, обитавших на Земле 400-300 миллионов лет назад, ранее находили только в пресных водоемах. Поэтому считалось, что именно из-за более бедной кислородом пресной воды эти рыбы были вынуждены использовать для дыхания не только жабры, но и специальные пузыри, прообразы легких. Элис Клемент (Alice Clement) и Джон Лонг (John Long) из Австралийского национального университета (Australian National University’s Research School of Earth Sciences) обнаружили новый вид двоякодышащей рыбы Rhinodipterus при палеонтологических исследованиях формации древних рифов Гоугоу на западе Австралии. Этот вид, по словам ученых, – самая древняя из известных науке рыба этой группы, обитавшая в морской воде.

 Ученые обнаружили у рыбы ряд признаков, характерных для ее современных двоякодышащих сородичей, в частности, удлиненную полость рта, необходимую, чтобы удерживать большой воздушный пузырь, а также особое крепление краниальных (находящихся у головы) ребер. По предположению авторов, Rhinodipterus возникла примерно 375 миллионов лет назад в период, когда, по имеющимся данным, уровень кислорода в атмосфере упал до рекордно низких 12%. Именно это, как считают исследователи, и заставило рыб искать дополнительные способы дыхания: они не могли получить достаточное количество кислорода даже из морской воды.

 "Это снижение мировых уровней кислорода могло сильно повлиять на естественный отбор среди двоякодышащих и других существ, в том числе тетраподов – рыбоподобных предков наземных животных", – отметил профессор Лонг, слова которого приводит пресс-служба университета. Авторы пользовались данными о древней атмосфере, полученными Робертом Бернером (Robert Berner) из Йельского университета в 2006 году. Бернер построил на основе данных геологических наблюдений модель GEOCARBSULF, описывающую динамику уровней углекислого газа и кислорода в фанерозойский период (период истории Земли, начавшийся примерно 570 миллионов лет назад и продолжающийся до сих пор).

 

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Quebecius

 Quebecius is an extinct genus of porolepiform sarcopterygian fish which lived during the Late Devonian period of Quebec, Canada.

  Quebecius differs from its fellow porolepiforms and most sarcopterygians in that it bears only one lobed fin, the pectoral fin, and its other fins sport rays that penetrate deeply into its body.

 Quebecius strongly resembles the genus Glyptolepis, another porolepiform that was relatively common during the Devonian. But Quebecius is distinguished from Glyptolepis by a pelvic fin with an unusually large base, a condition not seen in any other porolepiform. The few specimens discovered thus far include some that are complete and some with three-dimensional preservation. They range from 5 to 60 cm long and display several growth stages.

 Compared to osteolepiforms, porolepiforms are known for their small operculars, the plate-like bones that cover the gills of a fish. But in Quebecius, this bone is unusually small, even for a porolepiform. Furthermore, the epicercal form of its tail is much more pronounced than for other members of the group. Despite these differences, the species otherwise respects the relatively conservative morphology of porolepiforms.

 The low number of specimens at Miguasha, with only about twenty specimens collected thus far, suggests that Quebecius was not a very abundant species in this ancient estuary.

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Panderichthys

 Panderichthys is a 90–130 cm long fish from the Devonian period 397 million years ago, (Frasnian epoch) of Latvia. It is named after the german-baltic palaeontologist Christian Heinrich Pander. It has a large tetrapod-like head. Panderichthys exhibits transitional features between lobe-finned fishes and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega, and is considered the most crownward stem fish-tetrapod with paired fins. The evolution from fish to land dwelling tetrapods required many changes in anatomy and physiology, most importantly the legs and their supporting structure, the girdles. Well preserved fossils of Panderichthys clearly show these structures in transition, making Panderichthys a rare and important find in the history of life. One of the major changes in the appendicular skeleton during the transition from water to land was a shift in locomotory dominance from pectoral to pelvic appendages. Panderichthys is evidence of this because its morphology shows that the fin to limb transition began in the pectoral appendages and only later occurred in the pelvic appendages. Panderichthys is a good example of a transitional state in tetrapod evolution because its pectoral girdle shows derived characteristics while its pelvic girdle retains ancestral ones. Even though Panderichthys does not show the shift in locomotory dominance, it seems as though it was capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion and had the ability to prop itself up.

 Fish like Panderichthys were the ancestors of the first tetrapods, air-breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates, including humans, are descended. The most notable characteristic of Panderichthys was its spiracle, a vertical tube used to breathe water through the top of its head, while its body was submerged in mud. This spiracle is a transitional organ that led, through evolution, to the development of the stirrup bone, one of the three bones (stirrup, hammer, and anvil) in the human middle ear.

 Recent reexamination of existing Panderichthys fossils using a CT scanner shows four very clearly differentiated distal radial bones at the end of the fin skeletal structure. These finger-like bones do not show joints and they are quite short, but nonetheless show an intermediate form between fully fish-like fins and tetrapods.

 In January 2010, Nature reported well-preserved and "securely dated" tetrapod tracks from Polish marine tidal flat sediments approximately 397 million years old. Therefore, Panderichthys can only be a "late-surviving relic", showing traits that evolved during the transition from fish-like creatures to tetrapods, but whose date does not reflect that transition. The tracks "force a radical reassessment of the timing, ecology and environmental setting of the fish–tetrapod transition, as well as the completeness of the body fossil record."

 Стройную теорию превращения «колючек» рыбьих плавников в пальцы наземных животных, казалось, разрушила найденная в Латвии окаменелая рыба, у которой этих костяшек не было. 20 лет спустя эстонские и шведские палеонтологи доказали, что тревога была ложной: компьютерная томография начала 1990-х не смогла распознать присутствовавшие в плавнике эволюционные зачатки пальцев.

 Тонкие и чувствительные пальцы нужны вовсе не всем наземным животным: например, парнокопытные и непарнокопытные прекрасно обходятся и без них. Зато у остальных пятерня неплохо справляется со всеми поставленными перед ней задачами – от удержания добычи то создания изящных штрихов кистью.

 Трудно представить себе сухопутную фауну, лишенную пальцев на конечностях. Но именно так бы и выглядел мир вокруг нас, если бы кистеперые рыбы, несмотря на свое название, обладали только легкими, необходимыми для дыхания на суше, но не мелкими косточками, поддерживающими форму плавников, а позже превратившимися в отдельные пальцы.

 Эта вполне логичная теория превращения костяшек плавников в пальцы рук и ног 20 лет назад перестала быть единственной. Тогда в Латвии был обнаружен пандерихтис – переходная форма между рыбами и тетраподами, датируемая 385 миллионами лет назад. Изучение окаменелости показало, что в её грудных плавниках тонких косточек не было, и ученые всерьез заговорили о независимом возникновении пальцев уже после выхода на сушу.

 Катрин Буасверт и её коллеги из шведского Университета Упсалы и Таллинского технологического института доказали если и не правоту, то уж точно первенство вековой теории, постулированной еще пионерами эволюционизма. Благодаря всё той же латвийской находке – она до сих пор остаётся единственным пандерихтисом – и прогрессу компьютерной томографии в Эстонии историческая справедливость восстановлена. Результаты этой работы приняты к публикации в Nature.

 Палеонтологам помогли специалисты по томографии из центральной больницы восточного Таллина. Хотя кристаллы в окаменении помешали отрисовать трехмерную модель до конца, полученной картинки оказалось достаточно для того, чтобы уверенно сказать: в плавнике Panderichthys были мелкие кости, давшие начало пальцам, а его лучевая и радиальная кости, претерпев небольшие изменения, просто перешли по наследству к тетраподам.

 Тем самым ученые не только доказали происхождение пальцев, но и возвратили пандерихтису «переходный статус», который до сегодняшнего дня принадлежал рыбе под названием тиктаалик.

 Дальнейшая эволюции кисти и плюсны хорошо известна: динозавры и птицы с цевкой, не говоря уже о приматах, в полной мере воспользовались доставшимся им от кистеперых рыб подарком.

 Но, даже несмотря на такие безусловные подтверждения, все это остается лишь наиболее вероятной гипотезой, не исключающей и второй вариант.

 Ведь многочисленные ресурсы, заставившие обитателей морей покинуть «насиженные» глубины, с таким же успехом могли обеспечить пропитанием полурыб, передвигающихся с помощью беспалых плавников, которые исчезли только после обострения конкуренции с пятипалыми сожителями по континенту.

 Panderichthys относится к эпохе начала позднего девона. Он обитал на Земле около 370 миллионов лет назад, примерно в одно время с тетраподами - ранними четвероногими обитателями Земли. И Panderichthys, и тетраподы произошли от одного предка. Его останки, как пишет Диена, были найдены в начале 70-х годов прошлого века недалеко от Цесиса. На них наткнулись в одном из карьеров Лоде. Год назад ученые приезжали в Ригу их изучать. Дело в том, что столь хорошо сохранившихся останков больше нет ни в одном музее мира.

 Ученые давно пришли к выводу, что элементы среднего уха, которое человек использует, чтобы усилить и передать звук, рыбы использовали для дыхания. А слуховая система возникла впервые у насекомых. Теперь исследователи опровергли это утверждение. К их удивлению, дыхальце и костная перегородка у Panderichthys оказались совсем не такими, как у других изученных ископаемых рыб. Расширенное дыхало, полагают исследователи, могло служить Panderichthys дыхательным каналом, как у современных акул и скатов. А если проще, то, в отличие от всех рыб, которые используют кости, аналогичные костям среднего уха, для дыхания, у Panderichthys они начали преобразовываться в ушные. Это значит, что мировой науке придется сдвигать момент образования ушей у животных на 10 миллионов лет.

 "Данная работа заполняет эволюционный промежуток, существовавший между рыбами и земноводными", - цитирует палеонтолога Тома Рича из Музея Виктории в Мельбурне (Австралия) Газета. ру. А палеонтолог позвоночных из Музея Карнеги в Питсбурге Же-Хи Ло (Пенсильвания, США) считает: "Теперь мы намного более ясно понимаем, где и когда эти особенности начали появляться. Это произошло ранее, чем мы думали".

 

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September 27th, 2011
08:51 pm
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Osteolepis

 Osteolepis ('bone scale') is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Devonian period. It lived in the Orcadian Lakes of northern Scotland.

 Osteolepis was about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long, and covered with large, square scales. The scales and plates on its head were covered in a thin layer of spongy, bony material called cosmine. This layer contained canals which were connected to sensory cells deeper in the skin. These canals ended in pores on the surface, and were probably for sensing vibrations in the water.

 Osteolepis was a rhipidistian, having a number of features in common with the tetrapods (land-dwelling vertebrates and their descendants), and was probably close to the base of the tetrapod family tree.

 

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08:21 pm
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Onychodus

 Onychodus (Image /ɒˈnɪkədəs/, from Greek meaning "claw-tooth") is a genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period (Eifelian - Famennian stages, around 374 to 397 million years ago). It is one of the best known of the group of onychodontiform fishes. Scattered fossil bones of Onychodus were first discovered in 1857, in North America, and described by John Strong Newberry. Other species were found in Australia, England, Norway and Germany showing that it had a widespread range.

 Onychodus was about 2 to 3 meters in length and was a pelagic animal. Like other onychodontiformes, it had a pair of tooth spirals (parasymphysial tooth whorls) bearing tusk-like teeth.

 The most well-preserved specimen of Onychodus has been found at the Gogo Formation of Western Australia giving palaeontologists more information about the structure of the fish. Other species of Onychodus are known only from poor material based on isolated tusks, teeth and scales.

 The most characteristic feature is a pair of retractable, laterally compressed tusk whorls at the front of the lower jaw. These were not attached to any other bone, but fit into a pair of deep cavities on the palate and were free to move. The lower jaw was connected with the upper jaw in a way that made the tusk whorl thrust out as a dagger when the head was raised. The upper jaw, containing 30 teeth which decrease in size posteriorly, is well preserved in many individuals. Juveniles have six tusks, while adults have three.

 A relatively complete specimen of Onychodus from Western Australia shows that its length was 47 cm long, the head being 10 cm in length with tusks 1.2 cm long. This specimen is only about half the size of larger individuals, since skulls measuring 19 cm in length have been found. However, a single tusk 4 cm long was found, showing that this specimen belonged to an even larger individual. Evidence found of the body reveals that a cross section of this fish would have been oval in shape. On the sides of the body, Onychodus had a series of pores which provided a sensory system that enabled the fish to locate prey and to position itself in narrow spaces. The tail fin is almost symmetrical around the vertebral column. It was rounded slightly and would have been very flexible with a broad sweep producing forward motion. A long fin extends posteriorly, along half the tail fin, forming the second dorsal fin. Evidence of the first dorsal fin is incomplete, but scientists believe that a fossil element found was its fin support. Ventrally, the large anal fin extends back beneath the anterior part of the tail fin. Scales that overlap anteriorly have been found, the smallest being only 5 mm across, and the largest 22 mm.

 Onychodus is the type genus of the order Onychodontida and the family Onychodontidae to which it belongs. The family name 'Onychodontidae' was created for Onychodus by the British palaeontologist Arthur Smith Woodward in 1891. The group of onychodontiformes, described in 1973 by the late Dr. Mahala Andrews, was characterized by a highly kinetic skull and tusk-like teeth.

 Suggestions by palaeontologist John A. Long refer to a close phylogenetic relationship between Onychodus and the basal lobe-finned fish Psarolepis from China. It is generally acknowledged that Onychodus and Psarolepis are both basal bony fishes, because of the absence of major features that unite coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapod-like lobe-finned fishes. The position of Onychodus and Psarolepis in the cladogram is outside the major clade of sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes), but at a position m

 Many features of onychodont anatomy are known only from Onychodus itself. As other onychodontiformes, it has a highly kinetic and flexible skull. This unusual characteristic was due to the loose attachment of the skull bones, which sometimes overlapped, and were connected only by soft tissue and cartilage. Even the braincase was only partially made of bone.

 Other distinctive traits are related to the tusk whorls on the lower jaw. Because they could rotate, this was a different method of jaw articulation which did not compare with primitive ray-finned fish. The lower jaw was entirely articulated with cartilage, without an intermediate structure between the opposite sides, allowing the separation of the bones when prey was struck. Moreover, the loose articulation caused lateral movement, making the tusk walls move out of alignment. The parts of the lower jaw would have rotated inwards upon closing in order for the tusk whorls to fit exactly into the hollow spaces in the upper jaw. It is suggested that a ligament attachment and retractor mechanism existed in a pit under the tusk whorl, a unique condition in vertebrates. The capacity of the teeth on the lower jaw to fit with the tooth rows in the upper jaw, upon closure, kept the tusk whorls in place.ore derived than actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes).

 Through studies scientists believe that Onychodus was an ambush predator. John A. Long has suggested that Onychodus probably hid in the Devonian reefs, lunging at its prey as it swam by. A fossil specimen of Onychodus from Western Australia was found with a placoderm fish half its length logged in its throat. This interesting find was described and illustrated by Dr. John A. Long. The pectoral fins were strong enough for the animal to "walk" around the sea floor in search of a hiding place between coral colonies. The posterior dorsal fin was quite powerful, providing quick speed for capturing prey.

 

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08:12 pm
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Miguashaia

 Miguashaia is a genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period. Miguashaia is the most primitive coelacanth fish.

 Miguashaia bureaui is the most primitive of all the actinistian fishes. Instead of having three lobes, its tail was epicercal. And in the adult, the anal fin had almost no fleshy lobe, whereas the second dorsal fin had none at all.

 Miguashaia is the oldest actinistian with well-documented anatomy. Fossils at various stages of growth, from 7.7 to 45 cm long, have allowed paleontologists to conduct in-depth studies on its development with respect to changes in its size, proportions, and the ornamentation of its scales. The first discovered specimen was a juvenile, which caused some problems in identifying the adult specimens found later.

 The present-day coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, has a very monotonous diet. In complete darkness, it hovers vertically with its head down deep in the Indian Ocean, skimming the bottom in search of prey. Thanks to a rostral organ at the tip of its muzzle, it can detect natural electric fields generated by small animals like crustaceans and other invertebrates. Once a potential meal is located, the coelacanth drops downwards and swallows it. The central tail lobe is what allows the fish to perform this delicate manoeuvre, known as headstand feeding.

 The central tail lobe had not yet developed in Miguashaia, which means it was quite unlikely it fed by this method. The rostral organ, however, was present, and we thus assume that Miguashaia detected its prey using the same principle as Latimeria, but from a horizontal position, somewhat like small bottom-feeding sharks do today.

 

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07:47 pm
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Laccognathus

 Laccognathus — род вымерших лопастепёрых рыб семейства Holoptychiidae. Были распространены в Европе и Северной Америке в девонском периоде (375 миллионов лет назад). Размеры тела достигали 2 метров. У рыб была большая плоская голова с мощным ртом и маленькими глазами. Предположительный образ жизни: придонные хищники, подстерегавшие жертву в засаде.

 Species of Laccognathus were characterized by the presence of three large pits (fossae) on the external surface of the lower jaw which may have had sensory functions. It is the origin of the genus name, from Greek λάκκος ('pit') and γνάθος ('jaw'). Laccognathus grew to approximately 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) in length. They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads, less than one-fifth the length of the body. Like other sarcopterygians, their fins arise from pairs of fleshy lobes.

 The skeleton of Laccognathus was structured such that large areas of the skin were stretched out over solid plates of bone. This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers-- so dense that cutaneous respiration (exchange of oxygen through the skin) was not a likely trait exhibited by Laccognathus. Rather, the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water.

 Laccognathus are classified under the family Holoptychiidae in the extinct order Porolepiformes. They are not direct ancestors of tetrapods like the clade Tetrapodomorpha, but instead belong to the clade Dipnomorpha. Their closest living descendants are the members of the subclass Dipnoi (lungfishes).

 

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04:51 pm
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Hyneria

 Hyneria was a prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish that lived during the Devonian period around 360 million years ago. It was approximately 4 meters in length and weighed as much as two tons. There is evidence from bones that it had very strong fins and perhaps could venture onto land.

 In 2008, fossilized teeth, bones and a wall fin were found by Keith Thompson in the Red Hill Shale of Pennsylvania. Many specimens have been found since then, although a complete skeleton has yet to be discovered. Hyneria was just one of many species of lobe-finned fish of the family Tristichopteridae, common in the Late Devonian period, along with its close relative Eusthenopteron, whose well-known fossils are common and so have been intensively studied by scientists for decades.

 Эта ужасная рыба жила во время девонского геологического периода. Длина хайнерии - около 4 метров, а вес - 2 тонны. Она была хищником. Эта рыба имела очень сильные плавники. Она могла иногда выходить из воды на сушу (ненадолго).  Род "Хайнерия" включает только один вид - Хайнерия линдае.

 

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04:26 pm
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Holoptychius

 Holoptychius is an extinct genus of porolepiform lobe-finned fish from the Devonian period. It is known from fossils worldwide.

 Holoptychius was streamlined predator about 50 centimetres (20 in) long, which fed on other bony fish. Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey. Similar to other rhipidistians, it had fang-like teeth on its palate in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws. Its asymmetrical tail sported a caudal fin on its lower end. To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement, Holoptychius's pectoral fins were placed high on the body.

 

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